
'■fir 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 
BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commlseloner 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA 



FROM BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Volume XXVI, 1906, Pages 219 to 360, Plates XIV to XLII 



* 



BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 624 
ISSUED DECEMBER 6, 1907 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 
BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA 



■* 






FROM BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Volume XXVI, 1906, Pages 219 to 360, Plates XIV to XLII 



BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 624 
ISSUED DECEMBER 6, 1907 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907 






or 



1 8 19CQ 

0. or o. 






THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 

By BARTON WARREN EVERMANN and EDMUND LEE GOLDSBOROUGH. 



BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 624. 

219 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



By BARTON WARREN EVER MANN and EDMUND LEE GOLDSBOROUGH. 



An investigation of the salmon fisheries of Alaska was made during the summer 
and fall of 1903 by a special commission appointed by the Commissioner of Fisheries 
at the request of the President, and a report thereon by David Starr Jordan and 
Barton Warren Evermann, published January 30, 1904, as House Document 
No. 477, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session, considered fully all the phases of the 
salmon fisheries concerning which legislation was urgently needed. Large coll ections 
of fishes and other aquatic animals were secured, however, and much information 
concerning the habits, abundance, and distribution of the salmon and other fishes. 
It is the purpose of the present paper to put on record the more important of these 
facts and to discuss more fully some of the chief problems connected with the salmon 
fisheries. 

In order to represent fully the scope of the investigations of the special commis- 
sion, it has been thought advisable to include in this report the species of fishes 
obtained during the dredging and other collecting operations in British Columbia 
and Puget Sound. All species previously recorded from Alaskan waters have been 
listed also, and all Alaskan specimens in the U. S. National Museum have been 
examined. Attempt has thus been made to embody in this paper a complete 
review of the fishes of Alaska to date. The commercial and statistical phases of 
the fisheries have been fully discussed in reports by Mr. John N. Cobb, assistant agent 
at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. 

The following new species are described in this report. The numbers in 
parentheses are those of the types as registered in the U. S. National Museum. 

Polistotrema deani (57820). Blennicottus clarki (57824). 

Sebastodes swifti (57821). Pholis gilli (57827). 

Icelinus burchami (57822). Lumpenus longirostris (57828). 

Cottus chamberlaini (57823). Lycodes jordani (57829). 

Accompanying this report are 20 colored plates, made from water-color draw- 
ings of living fishes. Cuts of all the new species herein described are inserted in the 
text, as are also numerous others. 6 

a The Commercial Fisheries of Alaska in 1905, and The Fisheries of Alaska in 1906, Bureau of Fisheries Documents 
Nos. 603 and 618. 

b The colored drawings and the pen and ink drawings of all but three of the new species were made by Mr. A. H. Baldwin. 
Lumpenus longirostris and Polistotrema deani were drawn by Miss Anna S. Buckelew, Lycodes jordani by Miss Violet 
Dandridge. 

221 



222 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES IN ALASKA AND THE PUGET SOUND REGION. 

For the purposes of the present paper we have considered the territory covered 
as made up of five divisions, viz : 

1. The Puget Sound-British Columbia region, extending northward to Dixon Entrance and Port- 
land Canal. 

2. Southeast Alaska, from Dixon Entrance and Portland Canal to Yakutat Bay. 

3. Central Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, including 
Prince "William Sound, Cook Inlet, and their connecting waters. 

4. Bering Sea, including the Yukon and all other tributary waters in Alaska. 

5. Arctic Ocean, including the Mackenzie and all other tributary waters in Alaska. 

The geographic distribution of fishes in these regions is represented in the fol- 
lowing tabulation, an examination of which shows some interesting facts. The total 
number of species recorded is 288. Of these, 7 are found in each of the 5 regions; 
40 are known from all of the regions except the Arctic; 16 are known from Bering 
Sea, Central Alaska, and Southeast Alaska, but not from either of the other 2 
regions. Twenty-two are peculiar to Puget Sound region, 15 to Southeast Alaska, 
14 to Central Alaska, 55 to Bering Sea, and only 1 (Argyrosomus lucidus) to the 
Arctic. There are 11 anadromous and 18 strictly fresh-water species. 

The great number of species from Bering Sea shows how much more thor- 
oughly that region has been studied than have Central and Southeast Alaska; it 
does not necessarilv indicate a decidedly richer fauna. 



Family and species. 



Heptatremh>.e : 

Polistotrema deani 

Petromyzonid .e : 

Entosphenus tridentatus.. 

Lampetra aurea 

Squaluxe: 

Squalus sucklii 

Dalatiid.e: 

Somniosus microcephalus . . 
Squatintd^:: 

Squatina squatina 

Rajid.e: 

Raja binoculata 

parmif era 

aleutica 

trachura 

aby ssicola 

CmM^pjD^: 

Hydrolagus colliei 

Acipenseridje: 

Acipenser medirostris 

CATOSTOMID.E: 

Catostomus catostomus . . . 
Synaphobranchuxe : 

Histiobranehus bathybius. 
Nemichthyid^e: 

Avocettina gilli 

Clupeuxe: 

Clupea pallasii 

Alosa sapidissima 

Salmonid^e: 

Coregonus kennicotti 

quadrilateralis. 

nelsoni 

Argyrosomus pusillus 

laurettse 

lucidus 

alascanus . . . 



- X 






vl 



X .... 



. X 
. X 

• x 
I X 

X 



Family and species. 



-r 
~ ■ 

- — 



Salmoniixe— Continued. 

Stenodus mackenzii 

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 

keta 

tschawytscha... 

kisutch 

nerka 

Salmo clarkii 

gairdneri 

irideus X 

Cristivomer namaycush X 

Salvelinus malma X 

Thymalluxe: 

Thymallus signifer — 

Argentiniixe: 
Mallotus villosus X X 



Thaleiehthys pacificus 

Osmerus thaleichthj's 

dentex 

albatrossis 

Hypomesus pretiosus 

olidus 

Leuroglossus stiibius 

MICROSTOMID.E: 

Bathylagus borealis 

Myctophid.e: 

Lampanyctus gemmifer 

Nannobrachium leucopsarum. . 
nannochir 

Diaphus theta 

Chauliodontid^;: 

Cyclothone microdon 

Chauliodus macowni X X 

Plagyodoxtid.e : 

Plagyodus aesculapius 

borealis 

NOTACANTHID.E: 
Macdonaldia challengeri I 1 



::: S 

X X 

.... X 



... X 

X X 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



223 



Family and species. 



■q 

§sa> 



D allude: 

Dallia pectoralis 

Esocid.e: 

Esox lucius 

Gasterosteid^e: 

Pygosteus puiigitius 

Gasterosteus cataphractus j X 

AULORHYNCHID.E : 

Aulorhynchus flavidus j X 

S YNGNATHID.E I 

Siphostoma griseolineatum X 

Ammodytid^;: 

Ammodytes personatus X 

Berychxe: 

Plectromus lugubris |. .. 

cristiceps 

Zaprorid^e: 

Zaprora silenus 

Embiotocid^:: 

Cymatogaster aggregatus 

Tseniotoca lateralis 

Damalichthys argyrosomus 

Scorp^enhxe: 

Sebastolobus alascanus 

alti velis 

Sebastodes paucispinis 

melanops... 

ciliatus 

mystinus 

brevispinis 

alutus 

pinniger 

aleutianus 

saxicola 

swifti 

diploproa 

introniger 

ruberrimus 

rosaceus 

rupestris 

dalli 

caurinus 

maliger 

nebulosus 

nigrocinctus 

Anoplopomatid^e : 

Anoplopoma fimbria 

Hexagrammhxe: 
Pleurogrammus monopterygius 
Hexagrammos decagrammus . . . 
octogrammus... 

stelleri 

superciliosus 

lagocephalus 

Ophiodon elongatus 

Zaniolepis latipirmis 

Oxylebius pictus 

Cottid^e: 

Chitonotus pugetensis 

Tarandichthys filamentosus . . . 

tenuis 

Icelinus burchami 

borealis 

Astrolytes fenestralis 

Stelgidinotus latifrons 

Artediellus pacificus 

Rastrinus scutiger 

Icelus bicornis I . 

spiniger I . . . 

euryops I . . . 

vicinalis 1 . . . 

canaliculatus 

Radulinus asprellus X 

Triglops beani X 

scepticus 

Sternias xenostetbus 

Prionistius macellus 

Elanura forficata 

Melletes papilio 

Hemilepidotus jordani 

hemilepidotus I X 



X 



Family and species. 



»^ 



P4 W 



CoTTiDiE— Continued . 

Enophrys bison 

claviger 

Ceratocottus diceraus X 

X 

X 



/ 



Cottus asper 

gulosus 

cognatus 

aleuticus 

chamberlaini 

Myoxocephaluspolyaca.nl hocepha Lus 

jao'k 

verrucosus 

axillaris 

stelleri 

niger 

Megalocottus platycephalus 

laticcps 

Zesticelus prof undo rum 

Thecopterus aleuticus 

Dasycottus setiger 

Malacocottus zonurus 

Porocottus sellaris 

quadrifilis 

bradfordi 

Oncocottus quadricornis 

hexacornis 

Gymnocanthus pistilliger 

galeatus 

Leptocottus armatus 

Oligocottus maculosus 

Sigmistes caulias 

Blennicottus acuticeps 

globiceps 

embryum 

clarki 

Histiocottus bilobus I . . 

Blepsias cirrhosus X 

Nautiscus pribilovius . . . 

Nautichtbys oculofasciatus I X 

Ulca marmorata j . . . 

Hemitripterus cavif rons 

SyncMrus gilli j x 

Psychrolutes paradoxus j X 

Gilbertidia sigolutes 

Rhamphocottid^e : 

Rhampbocottus richardsoni ' 

Agonhxe: 
Hypsagonus quadricornis 

Occa dodecaedron 

Pallasina barbata 

aix 

Podothecus acipenserinus 

A verruncus emmelarie 

Sarritor frenatus 

leptorhynchus 



X | X | X 

... X X 



Bathyagonus nigripinnis 

Xenochirus pentacanthus 

alascanus 

latifrons 

Odontopyxis trispinosus 

Aspidophoroides guntheri j . . . 

bartoni 



menms 

Cyclopterid^e: 

Eumicrotremus orbis X — X 

Letbrotremus muticus X 

Cyclopteroides gyrinops X 

Cyclopterichthys ventricosus 

Liparidid^:: 

Neoliparis rutteri 

collyodon XX 

Liparis cyclopus X 

fucensis I X XX 

agassizii 

herschelinus 

cyclostigma 

pulcbellus X X 

Crystallichthysmirabilis ' 

Careproctus simus — I 

colletti X 

pbasma I X 



X X 

X ... 



X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

x .... 

x .... 

X X 

x .... 

X .... 
x|.„. 

X 
X 



•■ 



X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

x ... 



X X 

... X 
x .... 
x .... 
x .... 
x .... 



224 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Family and species. 



__, 












- be 


- 


= 


t 


- 


« 
5 


. 1 


- • 

QQ c 


12 

<3 


- :- 


< 


.• 


E 


— 


eei 


• 


Cl 


" 




c_ 


X 


o 




< 


















Family and species. 



1* 



— _• 

ED C 



Lir vridip-E— Continued. 

Careproetus spectrum. 

ostentum. 



X ---- 

.... X 

.... X 

.... X 

.... X 

X X 

.... X 

.... X 

.... X 



X 



XXX 



X X 

X X 

... X 

X x 

x x 

X 



ectenes 

Prognurus cypselurus 

Gvrinichthvs minytremus 

Paraliparis holomelas 

cepbalus 

ulochir 

KhinoUparis barbulif er 

B \.thymasterid.£: 

Batnvmaster signatus. 

Ronquilus jordani 

Trichodoxitibx: 

Triehodon trichodon 

Arctoscopus japonicus 

Batrachoidle: 

Poriebtbys notatus 

GoBiESOcrb-£'- . v 

Caularchus mfeandneus * 

B BnSSmma polyactocepbalus X 

\podicbthvs flavidus A 

Pholis dolichogaster -- 

faseiatus - — 

gilli "x 

ornatus Q 

Anoplarcbus atropurpureus a 

Xipbistes chirus - - - 

Xiphidion mucosiun * 

rupestre --- 

Opisthocentrus ocellatus 

Leptoclinus maculatus 

Poroclinus rotbrocki 

Lumpenus medius - - - 

anguillaris A 

mackayi 

fabricii* --■ 

longirostris - - 

Stieh?eus pnnctatus — 

Cryptacaxthodidx: 

Delolepis virgatus. / 

Lvconectes aleutensis 

\ V ARHI C H ADID-E '. 

Anarhicbas lepturus 

Pttlichthyid-e: 

Ptilichthys goodei 

Zoarcid.£: 

Lvriseus crotannus 

Lvc-odopsis pacificus ' 

Lvcodes concolor x 

digitatus vTv' X 

palearis --- * ■ 

jordani A *• 



X - 



- 

■ ■ 



X 



X 



Zoaecidje— Continued. 

Lvcodes brevipes A 

Lvcodalepis turnen - - - 

Furcimanus diaptera A 

Botbrocara pusilla 

mollis 

Gvmnelis viridis 

stigma 

Melano stigma pammelas - - - - 

LYCODAPODID.E: 

Lycodapus fierasfer 

parviceps 

extensus 
Merluccid-e: 

Alerluccius productus 
G abide: : 

Boreogadus saida 

Tberagra cbalcogramma 

fucensis 

Eleginus navaga } * 

Microgadus proximus Q 

Gadus macroeepbalus - - <* 

Antimora microlepis 
Lota maculosa 

ilACROTJTvIDi: 

Albatrossia pectoralis - 

Bogoslovius clarki 

firmisquamis 

Cbalinura serrula 

Maerourus acrolepis 
cinereus 

PLErROXECTIDi: 

Atherestbes stomias 
Hippoglossus bippoglossus 

Lvopsetta exilis 

Eopsetta jordani.. ........ 

Hippoglossoides elassodon 
Psettichtbys melanostictus 
Paropbrvs'vetulus 
Inopsettaiscbyra... 
Isopsettaisolepis. 

Lepidopsetta bibneata 

Limanda aspera 

proboscidea 
Pleuronectes quadritubereulatu 

Liopsetta glacialis - 

Platicbthvs stellatus 
Microstomus pacificus 
Glvptocephalus zacbirus 
Citbarichtbvs sordidus 
stigmseus 

Total. 





-• 


- 


-^ 


-x. 


3 


a 


< 


< 




'^ 


= 
- 


02 


O J 






X 


X 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



225 



Family i. HEPTATREMID^. The Borers, or Hagfishes. 
1. Polistotrema deani Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head to first gill-opening G.5 in total length; depth 13.6; tail 7; branchial distance 7.3; gill-open- 
ings 11 or 12; teeth 11 -f 11 and 10 + 10; base of tongue under third gill-opening. 

Body long and slender, little compressed; head somewhat depressed; nostril broad, slit-like, termi- 
nal; mouth a longitudinal slit with wrinkled edges; 8 barbels, 4 above and 4 below; apparently no ante- 
rior rudimentary gill-slits. Fin-fold well pronounced on ventral surface of body, gradually disappear- 
ing in front of middle of length; caudal rounded, showing ray-like marks. 

Color purplish-blue or that of the Santa Clara prune, becoming blacker in alcohol, and uniform over 
the whole body; ventral fold or anal fin not bordered by white; no white border about gill-openings. 

This species differs from Polistotrema stouti in a number of important respects, chief of which are 
the much shorter head (6.5 instead of 4.5 in body), the longer tail (7 instead of 8), the more numerous 




Fig. 1.— Polistotrema deani Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 



teeth, and the color. In P. stouti the ground color of fresh specimens^ was brown plus a little pink, 
which changes to a bluish tint in preserved specimens; ventral fold or anal fin bordered by white, which 
often encircles the caudal fin; gill-openings bordered by white ring; old examples often mottled or 
blotched about the head with white; a few specimens had in addition 1 or 2 black blotches on the side 
of the body. 

In the following table are given certain comparative measurements of 97 examples of P. stouti a and 
corresponding measurements of our 4 specimens of P. deani. All measurements, etc., were taken from 
the right side of fresh hags that had just died. The specimens were laid flat on a board, but none was 
stretched. In two of the specimens of P. deani the left side was used, as being more satisfactory. All 
measurements are in millimeters, from which proportional measurements can be readily computed. 

a From Monterey Bay and examined for us by Mr. William F. Allen, at the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory. 

B. B. F. 1906—15 



22(5 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Comparative Measurements of Polistotrema stouti and P. deani. 
Polistotrema stouti. 



No. of 
speci- 
men. 


Tip of 

snout 

to tip 

of tail.a 


Tip of Center 

snout of first 
to cen- gill- 
Tor of opening 
first gill to cen- 
open- j ter of 
ing. | last. 


Num- 
ber of 
bran- 
chial 
open- 
ings. 


No. of 
speci- 
men. 


Tip of 
snout 
to tip 
of tail.a 


Tip of 
snout 
to cen- 
ter of 
first gill 
open- 
ing. 


Center 
of first 

gill- 
opening 
to cen- 
ter of 

last. 


Num- 
ber of 
bran- 
chial 
open- 
ings. 




mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 




mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


1 


550 


130 


64 


12 


50 


430 


106 


54 


11 


2 


415 


115 


60 


12 


51 


481 


124 


60 


12 


3 


402 


97 


53 


12 


52 


475 


115 


63 


12 


4 


555 


127 


73 


12 


53 


464 


114 


60 


12 


5 


582 


135 


73 


13 


54 


503 


122 


64 


12 


6 


540 


122 


68 


12 


55 


426 


94 


60 


12 


7 


490 


111 


63 


12 


56 


442 


104 


58 


11 


8 


482 


112 


68 


12 


57 


490 


118 


61 


12 


9 


512 


116 


70 


12 


58 


355 


89 


42 


11 


10 


475 


111 


65 


12 


59 


480 


125 


57 


11 


11 


453 


113 


61 


12 


60 


472 


110 


65 


12 


12 


415 


92 


57 


13 


61 


386 


92 


53 


11 


13 


511 


114 


72 


12 


62 


390 


93 


48 


12 


14 


412 


91 


56 


11 


63 


410 


111 


57 


12 


15 


477 


112 


67 


12 


64 


510 


122 


68 


12 


16 


494 


116 


65 


12 


65 


503 


120 


72 


12 


17 


503 


118 


65 


11 


66 


485 


113 


60 


12 


18 


468 


116 


60 


12 


67 


412 


105 


51 


11 


19 


512 


130 


61 


11 


68 


486 


116 


70 


13 


20 


458 


112 


53 


11 


69 


465 


114 


68 


12 


21 


460 


109 


63 


12 


70 


460 


112 


64 


12 


22 


488 


117 


64 


12 


71 


467 


114 


61 


12 


23 


482 


115 


63 


12 


72 


440 


110 


66 


12 


24 


473 


118 


59 


12 


73 


512 


125 


65 


12 


25 


470 


118 


63 


12 


74 


378 


95 


46 


12 


26 


490 


123 


64 


12 


75 


438 


103 


66 


12 


27 


422 


117 


53 


11 


76 


460 


127 


57 


12 


28 


470 


118 


61 


11 


77 


436 


110 


53 


11 


29 


410 


97 


53 


12 


78 


370 


90 


48 


11 


30 


473 


117 


63 


11 


79 


383 


95 


50 


12 


31 


486 


120 


54 


11 


80 


438 


110 


59 


11 


32 


470 


110 


62 


11 


81 


550 


131 


74 


12 


33 


403 


91 


49 


12 


82 


473 


109 


66 


12 


34 


462 


110 


58 


13 


83 


478 


114 


63 


11 


35 


440 


115 


58 


12 


84 


427 


100 


57 


11 


36 


433 


112 


57 


13 


85 


492 


119 


72 


12 


37 


458 


111 


61 


12 


86 


430 


105 


58 


12 


38 


485 


122 


65 


12 


87 


486 


116 


67 


11 


39 


482 


120 


58 


12 


88 


545 


125 


74 


11 


40 


463 


116 


55 


12 


89 


510 


116 


66 


12 


41 


492 


120 


68 


12 


90 


488 


123 


69 


12 


42 


510 


129 


63 


11 


91 


476 


112 


60 


11 


43 


473 


109 


60 


12 


92 


482 


118 


64 


12 


44 


458 


108 


55 


12 


93 


440 


109 


54 


11 


45 


519 


124 


62 


12 


94 


444 


112 


68 


12 


46 


473 


116 


63 


12 


95 


413 


98 


56 


12 


47 


582 


137 


71 


11 


96 


412 


98 


57 


12 


48 


480 


110 


75 


12 


97 


463 


120 


68 


12 


49 


434 


108 


58 


11 






. 







Polistotrema deani. 



2866 
2867 • 


485 83 
520 86 


1 

79 / n 

' 9 \left. 

73 / n 
' 3 I left. 


2877 
2880 


640 
470 


97 

87 


84 
67 


tright. 

/ n 
\right. 



a Not including tentacles. 

Polistotrema deani is known from 4 specimens, all in rather poor condition: Two, no. 2866 and 2867, 
19 and 21 inches long, respectively, dredged by the Albatross in 1903, in 130 to 193 fathoms at station 
4235, in Spacious Bay, Cleveland Peninsula, Alaska; and two, no. 2877 and 2880, 24.5 and 18.5 indies 
long, dredged on same date in 229 to 231 fathoms at station 4238, in Behm Canal off Nose Point. 

Type no. 57820 U. S. National Museum (field no. 2880), Albatross station 4238 in Behm Canal off 
Nose Point, in 229 to 231 fathoms. The three other specimens are cotypes, of which two are deposited 
in the TJ. S. National Museum and one in the Museum of Stanford University. 

We take great pleasure in naming this interesting species for Prof. Bashford Dean, of Columbia 
University, in recognition of his excellent work "On the Embryology of Bdellostoma stouti.^ 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



227 



Family 2. PETROMYZONID^E. The Lampreys. 
2. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). 

Four specimens 16 to 18 inches long, collected by Mr. Chamberlain in Nana River near Loring, 
Jane 23, 1903, and a 6-inch specimen seined by him in McDonald Lake, August 24, 1905. Mr. Cham- 
berlain reports that lampreys were quite abundant June 22 at the foot of Dorr Falls in Naha stream. 
More than 50 were observed attached to the rocks. They were first noticed June 20 and all had dis- 




Fig. 2.— Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). 

appeared in a week or ten days. Five males and 5 females were examined. Of the latter all but one 
appeared to have done spawning, and it is believed they were there for spawning purposes. 

At the Yes Bay hatchery a number of young were caught in the flume which brings water to the 
hatchery from a point on the creek below the falls. It is believed that the lamprey spawns among 
the rocks at the foot of that falls. 

This species was recorded at TTnalaska, by Gilbert in 1895. 

3. Lampetra aurea (Bean). Lamprey Eel. 

This species, originally described from Anvik, Yukon River, and recorded from Fort Yukon by 
Bean in 1882 as Ammoccetus aureus, was not seen by us. Recorded from Mission, Yukon River (Nelson 
1887), as Ammoccetus aureus. 




Fig. 3.— Lampetra aurea (Bean). 

Mr. V. L. Derby, formerly a school-teacher at St. Michael and Point Barrow, in a letter dated 
January 19, 1907, furnishes the following interesting note on this species: 

In the spring — I believe during the month of April — the eels start up the river in one large school, 
presumably to spawn. I am not enlightened upon this point, but suspect they live in the salt water 
through the greater portion of the year and as spawning season draws near they enter the fresh water 
streams. I am in the dark whether they are found in other streams in Alaska besides the Yukon. 

As the time approaches for the arrival of the "snaky" forms, the Indians keep close watch for the 
first arrivals. Remember that the great river is covered with ice from 4 to 5 feet in thickness at this 
time of the year, and it is no small task for the young boys to keep a number of large holes open and 
occasionally dipping with their large dip nets. These nets are also used by the natives to catch salmon 
during the running season. Saw several Indians in their kyaks using their dip nets, but during the 
short time I was in sight of them aboard the United States transport did not have the pleasure of seeing 
a fish caught. 

When the eels are reported as having come, the whole village — men, women, and children — go out 
quickly and gather in a harvest of these fish while the school is passing, and when the rear guard has 



228 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

safely eluded the last net an Indian boy. swift on foot, is sent to apprise the villagers above of the coming 
eels, and so on, all the way up the river. 

In the "cut" there looks to be some 15 or 20 bushels of frozen eels. I understand these eels are 
exceedingly oily, and if the oil were clarified would make a good oil for painting pur}" - 

The Indians catch these eels mostly for dog food, but do eat them only when there is a scarcity 
of other foods, as they are much stronger floored than the eels we have in the fresh water streams in 
the States. 

Family 3. SOUALID^. The Dogfishes. 
4. Squalus sucklii (Girard). Dogfish. 

Specimens were secured in gill nets or seine at Xanaimo. Fort Rupert. Union Bay. and Diamond 
Point: others were taken on hook and line at Loring, Cleveland Passage, and a single specimen (field no. 
301S . 29 inches long, was taken over the rail of the ship at Klawock. A female taken on hook and line in 
Cleveland Passage was 44 inches long, weighed 17 pounds, and contained 14 very active young. Each 
was about 7.5 inches long, and the yolk sac was very large. Another specimen was taken on hook and 
line at Shakan and one at Port Mc Arthur. 

Those taken at Xanaimo were secured June 20 in a 5^inch mesh gill net set at the surface on the 
south side of the outer harbor. They were four in number, each about 3 feet long, all females with 4. 6, 
9. and 9 embryos, respectively. The embryos in those having 9 were each about 9 inches long, those in 
the other two were only about 1.5 inches long. Spots on the larger embiyos were very plain: no 
pigment developed in the smaller ones, except in the eyes. 

The dogfish is apparently common throughout Southeast Alaska, where, as elsewhere, it is regarded 
with disfavor. At Loring considerable numbers are caught for the oil that is tried out of the liver. 
They are taken by means of a gaff hook as they come about the cannery to feed upon the offal. 

This species has been recorded (as Squalus acantkias by Bean (1882) from Sitka: Port Althorp: 
Marmot Island; and Red Bay. 

Family 4. S0MXI0SIDJE. The Sleeper Sharks. 

5. Somniosus micro ceptialus Bloch . Sleeper Shark. 

Two dead examples were seen July 13, 1903, on a mud flat at the Point Highfield cannery, where 
they had been left by the tide. One lying near shore was a female 11 feet long. Skin covered with 
short, stiff, hair-like prickles. Examined for its foetuses, but none found. On the evening of July 14. at 
Sunny Bay. Taku Inlet. 2 examples were caught over the rail of the steamer. One took the bait, the 
other was accidentally hooked in the tail. The latter was a female and gave the following measurements: 

Total length 8 feet 2 inches; length of snout to middle of eye 10 inches, to first gill opening 20 
inches, to last gill opening 25 inches, to base of pectoral 28 inches, to origin of first dorsal 50 inches, 
to spiracle 13.5 inches, diameter of eye 1.5 inches: distance from front of first dorsal to second dorsal 
24 inches, from front of second dorsal to base of caudal 16 inches; length of upper caudal lobe 17.5 
inches, lower caudal lobe 13 inches; length of gill slit 3.75 inches; posterior height of second dorsal 
6 inches, base 4.5 inches; posterior height of first dorsal 5 inches, base 5 inches: length of pectoral 
11 inches, base 13.5 inches; height of ventral 5 inches, base 5.5 inches; girth at base of pectoral 51 
inches: greatest girth at upper base of pectoral 52 inches: greatest girth of tail 16 inches, least girth 
12.25 inches. Total weight 381 pounds, liver 48 pounds. Ovaries very immature: gall 24 ounces. 
Axil to axil over back 28 inches. Color sooty black, a little mottled. 

Also recorded from Hassler Harbor (Bean 1SS4 1 and St. Michael (Turner 1886). Mr. A. B. Alexander 
informs us that the Albatross has taken examples on trawls at various places in Alaska. 

Family 5. SOUATIXID.U.. The Angel Sharks. 

6. Squatina squatina (Linn 
One specimen, a female 14 inches long. The locality label has been Lost. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



229 



Family 6. RAJIM. The Rays and Skates. 

7. Raja binoculata Girard. Big California Skate. 

Common. The collection contains the following specimens: No. 2896, a male 10 inches long, from 
station 4248, in Eastern Passage near Wrangell; no. 2748, a small male seined at Klawock; no. 2837; no. 
2839, a female; no. 2841, a female 21 inches long, from Puget Sound near Port Townsend; no. 2871, 
a female; six specimens 6 to 13 inches long collected in Puget Sound by Mr. Todd; one (no. 1272) 15.5 
inches long dredged by the Albatross August 28, 1891, at station 3450, off Washington. Other speci- 
mens were dredged at stations 4211, 4214, 4219, 4233, 4192, and in Kilisut Harbor; examples were seen 
also at Port Townsend, Xanaimo, Karta Bay, Yes Bay, and Dundas Bay. Two very large examples 
were examined at a salmon trap. Both were females, on which the following notes were made; 



Total length inches. . 

Length of disk do 

Width of disk do 

Tip of snout to angle of pectoral do 

Tip of pectoral to base of tail do 

Weight pounds. . 



First 


Second 


example. 


example. 


56.0 


51.00 


36.5 


33.25 


39.5 


35.00 


30.0 


24.00 


24.5 


23.00 


48.0 


32.00 



Mr. Bell, superintendent of the Dundas Bay cannery, says rays are often taken in the salmon 
traps, some much larger than these. 

At Kilisut Harbor, July 1, two egg capsules were dredged. One was empty, but the other 
contained 4 eggs, each about the size of a hen's egg. The attached embryos were long (each about 
3 inches), slender and very squirmy. 

No. 2896 is described as follows: Length of disk 1.4 in width; tail 1.3 in length of disk; anterior edge 
of pectoral scarcely less than length of disk, one-half greater than posterior edge ; snout 3 in length of 
disk; interorbital width 2.5 in snout; width of mouth equalling interorbital width; disk much broader 
than long; anterior margin of pectoral nearly straight, scarcely or not at all convex, the 2 margins form- 
ing an angle of 95 to 98 degrees; tip of snout not produced, nor differentiated from general outline; 
posterior margin of pectoral gently convex, forming an angle of about 90 degrees with the anterior 
margin. Three sharp spines about the eye, 2 in front, the third above and posterior; one strong spine on 
median line of back, midway between nostrils and humeral region; tail with a series of 14 stout prickles 
beginning at base and extending to first dorsal fin ; one small spine between the 2 dorsals ; upper part 
otherwise entirely smooth and without prickles of any kind; under parts entirely smooth. 

Color light brown; a large black spot equal to twice longest diameter of eye at base of pectoral, 
surrounded by a broad ring of reddish brown, which in turn is surrounded by a nearly equally broad 
black ring; the total diameter of the ocellated spot slightly exceeding the inter-spiracle width; an 
obscure brownish spot behind the large ocellated spot slightly greater than eye in diameter; back 
profusely covered with small irregularly placed paler spots, those on posterior margin of pectoral oblong. 

From typical R. binoculata this specimen differs in the less projecting snout, the coloration, and the 
spines. The large spot at the base of the pectoral is that of R. stellulata, but the prickles are less evident. 

An examination of our material shows that the males differ from the females in having the snout 
blunter and less produced and the pectoral ocellus much larger and more distinct. It is also evident 
that the prickles become more numerous with age. As these variations cover all the differences in 
characters assigned to the 3 nominal species R. binoculata Girard, R. rhina Jordan & Gilbert, and R. stellu- 
lata Jordan & Gilbert, we are compelled to regard the three as one species. We have compared our 
specimens with the types of R. rhina and R. stellulata. 

Recorded by Bean (1882), as Raja binoculata, from the following localities: Sitka; Port Althorp; 
St. Paul, Kodiak Island; and Wrangell. By Gilbert (1895) as Raja stellulata, from Unimak Pass, 
Bristol Bay, and along the northern shores of Unalaska Island at stations 3217, 3255, 3258, 3310, and 3312. 

Raja binoculata Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 196, San Francisco. 

Raja cooperi Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., 372, 1858, Shoalwater Bay, "Washington. 

Raja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 133, Monterey. 

Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 251, Monterey and San Francisco. 



230 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

8. Raja parmifera Bean. 

One specimen (no. 2904) 7 inches long, and 4 eggs, dredged at station 4252, in Frederick Sound- 
another (no. 3001) 23 inches long, at station 4291, in Shelikof Strait; one (no. 3005) 21 inches long, at 
station 4295, in Shelikof Strait; two from station 4280, in Chignik Bay; and two from Alitak Bay. The 
latter were both males, and furnished the following notes: First example, length of disk 21 inches; width 
24: length of tail 20: snout to angle of pectoral 18 ; tip of snout to eye 7.5; weight 14 pounds. Second 
example, length of disk 28 inches; width 31; tail 24; snout to angle of pectoral 22; tip of snout to eye 
9.5: weight 25 pounds. Thirty to 33 spines on median line of back and tail; no marginal row of larger 
spines on tail in female; spines on back more numerous and smaller in female; male with two large 
humeral spines, female with one; supraoccipital crest more developed in the male. 

Originally described by Bean (1882) from Iliuliuk, Unalaska. Gilbert (1895) records it from Alba- 
tross stations 3252, 3259, 3267, 3270, 3272, 3281, 3282, 3292, 3293, 3310, and 3313, all in Bristol Bay. 

9. Raja aleutica Gilbert. 

No. 1775 (1726), a specimen 33 inches long, collected at station 3602. 

Dorsal and caudal fins covered with small prickles; 4 large spines in shoulder region on median line; 
after a slight interspace 32 additional spines on median line of back and tail, 2 of the latter being between 
the dorsals. The spines are large anteriorly, becoming smaller to the root of the tail, thence larger, as 
large as the anterior ones for half length of tail, whence they grow gradually smaller to tip of tail. Teeth 
quite sharp, conical; lateral edges of upper lip fringed; back with small prickles everywhere, except 
an area below and behind eyes to below shoulder region, and the edges of pectoral laterally and pos- 
teriorly; a row of pores, with short tubes, on each side and just below the first median spine, these 
diverging toward each eye, running half the distance from spine to eye, the area about them being free 
from prickles; a similar row of pores around the entire margin of the disk and also on each side of the 
nasal cartilage; lateral and posterior angles of disk broadly rounded, margin between these angles 
gently rounded. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3257, north of Sannak Pass, Aleutian Islands. 

10. Raja traclmra Gilbert. 
Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from station 3338, south of the Shumagin Islands. Not seen by us. 

11. Raja abyssicola Gilbert. 
Originally described from Albatross station 3342, off Queen Charlotte Island, in 1,588 fathoms. 

Family 7. CHIMiERID£. ' The Chimaeras. 

12. Hydrolagns colliei (Lay & Bennett). Ratjish. 

Common. Specimens were caught in gillnet at Nanaimo; one was seined at Port Alexander, and 
others were dredged at stations 4191, 4197, 4201, 4215, 4216, 4218, 4219, 4221, 4223, and 4246. Seven 




Fig. 4.— Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett). 

specimens examined are 4.5 to 12 inches long. We have examined another example (no. 2442) 13.5 
inches long, dredged by the Albatross April 30, 1901, at station 3790, off Tatoosh Island Light, in 122 
fathoms. In this specimen the caudal is produced into a decided filament. 

Recorded from Alaska and Alexander Archipelago as Chimxra colliei (Bean 1882). 



THE FISHES OP ALASKA. 231 

Family 8. ACIPENSERID^. The Sturgeons. 
13. Acipenser medirostris Ayres. Green Sturgeon. 

According to Mr. J. F. Williams, of Chignik Bay, 2 green sturgeon were caught some years ago 
(1897) in the Copper River. Each was about 4 feet long. We were told of one seen in the Columbia 
River which weighed 900 pounds. 

It is said that years ago San Francisco restaurants served sturgeon steaks as sea bass or sole. 

Family 9. CATOSTOMIDiC The Suckers. 
14. Catostomus catostomus (Forster). Long-nosed Sucker; Northern Sucker. 

Very abundant in Watson River, near Caribou, Yukon Territory, where 76 specimens 4 to 10.5 
inches long were seined July 18 and 19. 

Head 4.2; depth 5.5; eye 6; snout 2.2; dorsal 10; anal 7; scales 20-110 to 120-15 to 17, GO to 65 
in front of dorsal; length of pectoral 1.25 in head; ventral 1.6; height of dorsal 1.5. Color in life, 
mottled olive; belly somewhat silvery; head brassy; fins all dull orange, the dorsal darker at tip. 




Fig. 5. — Catostomus catostomus (Forster). 

Compared with specimens from Clear Creek, near Clearmont, Wyo., the Caribou specimens have 
considerably smaller scales (the Wyoming specimens having only 90 to 100 in course of lateral line), 
and more pointed head, with longer snout. 

This species has a wider distribution than any other member of the family. It was described origi- 
nally from the Hudson Bay region, and has since been recorded from various localities from New England 
westward to the headwaters of the Missouri and the Columbia and northward to Alaska. It is doubtless 
abundant in all suitable waters from the Hudson Bay region west and northwestward. At Great Slave 
Lake, on the Yukon, and elsewhere, it is a food fish of considerable importance, especially to the Indians. 
An examination of numerous specimens in the present collection indicates that the spawning season at 
Caribou is entirely over by July 19. 

Recorded from Nulato, Yukon River, as Catostomus longirostris (Bean 1882). Upper Kobuk River 
(Townsend 1887). Nulato and Andreafski, Yukon River, and streams flowing into Kotzebue Sound 
(Turner 1886). 

Cyprinus castostomus Forster, Philos. Trans, for 1773, 155, streams about Hudson Bay. 

Catostomus longirostrum Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 102, Vermont. 

Catostomus hudsonius Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 107, Vermont. Giinther, Cat., vn, 13, 1868. 

Catostomus for sterianus Richardson, Franklin's Journal 1823, 720, Lake Huron and Great Slave Lake. 

Catostomus aurora Agassiz, Lake Superior, 360, figs. 3 and 4, 1850, The Pic, Lake Superior. 

Catostomus longirostris, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xn, 175, 1878 (Nulato, Yukon River; St. Michael's, Alaska) . 

Catostomus nanomyzon Mather, Twelfth Rept. N. Y. Fish Comm. 1884, 36, Big Moose Lake, Northern New York. 

Family 10. SYNAPH0BRANCHID£. 
15. Histiobranclms bathybius (Giinther). 
One specimen reported by Dr. Gilbert from Bering Sea in 1895 at Albatross station, 3308. 



232 BTLLETCs" OF THE BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 

Family n. XEMICHTHYIRL. The Snipe Eels. 

16. Avoeettina gilli Bean). 

finally described from Albatross station _ - : Prince of Wales Island, in 1,569 fathoms. 

Only the type known. 




Fig. 6. — Avocettina gttli (Bean). 

Family i:. CLUPEID.-E. The Herrings. 

17. Clupea paHasii Cuvier ^ Valenciennes. California Herring. 

The collection contains 64 specimens 2 to 12.5 inches long, from Loring, Marrowstone Point, Kilisut 
Harbor. Admiralty Head. Pablof Harbor. Limit Bay. Cleveland Passage. Port Alexander, and Karluk: 
Sitka, collected by Mr. Luttrell in September. 1S93; Unalaska. July 2. 1900: Killisnoo. August 21. 1900: 
Pyramid Harbor. August 23, 1900:' Utsalady, Washington, October 2, 1895: Cordova Bay, Prince of 

Wales Island, in 1S97: Litnik Bay. August 15. 1900. and Petropaulski. June 20, 1900. 




Fig. 7.— Clupea pallasii Ctrvier & Valenciennes. 

In the seining operations this species was found in abundance at Port Alexander. Kilisut Harbor. 
Marrowstone Point :he examples all young . Uyak Bay adults . Litnik Bay adults . and Cleveland 
ny youns. 5 inches long 

It is said to be abundant in Chilkoot Inlet in April and May. Seventy-one examples taken at : 
Bay weighed 47.75 pounds, the average weight being therefore 10.76 ounces. The average leDgth was 
11.67 inches. The individual weights and lengths are given in the following table: 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



233 



Individual Lengths and Weights of Seventy-one Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii), Taken 

at IT yak Bay, Alaska, August 4, 1903. 



Specimen. 


Length. 


Weight. 


Specimen . 


Length. 


Weight. 


Specimen. 


Length. 


Weight. 


1 

2 

d...\.\.\. 

4 

5 

6 


Inches. 
13.5 
13.0 
13.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.5 
13.5 
10.5 
14.0 
12.5 
13.0 
13.0 
13.5 
13.5 
13.5 
13.5 
13.0 
13.0 
13.0 
13.0 
13.5 
12.5 
13.5 
11.5 


Ounces. 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
10.5 
10.5 
12.5 
12.5 

5. 5 
13.5 
12.5 
11.5 
12.5 
13.5 
13.5 
12.5 
14.5 
10.5 
11.5 
11.5 
12.5 
13.0 
10.5 
15.0 

8.0 


25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 


Inches. 
13.0 
12.0 
12.5 
13.0 
13.5 
13.5 
14.0 
14.0 
13.5 
13.5 
12.5 
12.5 
13.5 
13.5 
13. 5 
12.5 
14.0 
13.0 
12.0 
13.0 
11.5 
12.5 
12.5 
11.5 


Ounces. 

V, 

11.0 
13.0 
14.0 
13.5 
14.0 
14.0 
12.0 
12.5 
10.0 
10.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.5 
10.0 
13.5 
10.5 

9.0 
11.5 
10.0 
11.0 
10.5 

8.0 


49 . 


Inches. 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.5 
11.0 

12. 5 
12.0 

13. 5 
11.0 
13.0 
12.0 
13.5 
12.0 
12.5 
11.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.0 
12.5 
12.0 
10.0 
10.0 


Ounces. 
9.0 
9.0 
8.5 

10.5 
7.0 

12.0 
9.0 

13.0 
7.0 

11.5 
8.5 

12.5 
9.5 
9.5 
7. 5 
9.0 
8.0 

13.5 
8.5 
8.5 
5.0 
6.0 


50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 


8 


9.. 


10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


60 


61 

62 

63 

64 

65 


15 


16 


17 


18 


66 

67 

68 


19. . 


20 


21 


69 


22 


70 


23 




24 



The herring is now a fish of considerable and growing importance in Southeast Alaska. It is salted 
to some extent at certain of the salmon canneries, and when so prepared is an excellent article of food. 
For a number of years great quantities have been used for oil and fertilizer at Killisnoo. Recently it has 
come to be in great demand as bait in the halibut fisheries. 

According to Mr. Cobb a , this fish is said to spawn in southeast Alaska in May to July. The grounds are 
widely distributed from Howkan to Skagway and through Icy Straits to Cross Sound. After spawning 
the fish are said to school out in the deeper water of Frederick Sound and Stephens Passage, and later 
reenter the bays to feed. During July and August they are filled with "red feed," and are then very 
difficult to cure. In September and October then food seems to change and they are then in prime condi- 
tion. The runs are usually composed of mixed sizes, although in early summer the sizes are said to be 
uniformly small in some places. 

The herring is one of the chief articles of food of the king salmon in the winter and spring in certain 
parts of Alaska, particularly about Killisnoo, Chilkoot Inlet, and Ketchikan. This was observed during 
an unusual run of king slamon, which began about the middle of January, 1905, and continued until May 
18. There is usually a large run of herring in Chilkoot Inlet early in the spring. 

Recorded by Bean (1884) from Sitka; Old Sitka; Port Althorp; Port Mulgrave; Chugachik Bay, 
Cook Inlet; Iliuliuk, Unalaska; St. Michael; and Port Clarence; and (1882) Wrangell. Unalaska and 
Herendeen Bay (Gilbert 1895). St. Michael; Unalaska Harbor, and Norton Sound (Nelson 1887). Port 
Clarence (Scofield 1899). 



a Fisheries of Alaska in 1906, Bureau of Fisheries Document 618, p. 52, 1907. 



234 



BULLETIN OF THE BT T REAU OF FISHEEIES. 



18. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson). Atlantic Shad. 

The shad has extended its range far northward. The cannery at Fairhaven took one about July 1, 
1903. and the fishermen at Birch Point got about 3,000 in one day. The species has been reported from 
Stikine River and in 1904 it was taken at Kasilof, on Cook Inlet. 




Fig. 8. — Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) . 

Family 13. SALMOXID^E. The Salmons, Trouts, and Whitefishes. 
19. Coregonus kennicotti Milner. KennicotVs Whitefish. 

Two specimens, 6 and 6.25 inches long, were secured at Lake Bennett. 

Scales 13-76 to 82-8; gillrakers 5+14 (right), 74-12 (left), rather long and slender, somewhat 
blunt tipped, but firmer than in C. quadrilateralis, their length about diameter of pupil. 

This species may be readily distinguished from the round whitefish found in the same waters by 
the somewhat larger mouth, longer and more numerous gillrakers, larger and much more caducous 
scales, and more elevated back. 

This species of whitefish is probably common in Lake Bennett, Tagish Arm, Lake Atlin, and other 
headwaters of the Yukon. It has been previously recorded from Alaskan localities as follows: Yukon 
River at Xulato and St. Michael (Bean 1882), Middle Kobuk River (Townsend 1887), rivers about 
Point Barrow (Murdoch 1885), St. Michael (Xelson 1887), and Barter Island near the mouth of the 
Mackenzie River (Scofield 1899 1. 



20. Coregonus quadrilateralis Richardson. Round Whitefish. 

Twenty-five specimens, 3.75 to 11.5 inches long, seined in Lake Bennett, and 4 at Caribou Crossing. 

Scales 10-95 to 100-8; gillrakers very short and weak, about 74-10. 

This is apparently the most abundant species of whitefish in the headwaters of the Yukon. The 
young were very abundant in Lake Bennett, where many examples were seined in shallow water. It 
appeared to be less common at Caribou Crossing. 

One large example was obtained, August 5, by Dr. Gilbert in Wood River at the upper trap. 
Gillrakers 6+8 and 8+10, short, blunt, and weak; scales 10-101-8. 

Color in life, light olive; scales darker edged, sides silvery; 13 diffuse, roundish, dusky blue spots 
along lateral line and 2 or 3 above it posteriorly; vestiges of parr-marks; upper fins very slightly red- 
dish olive, lower bright creamy orange; opercle and shoulder bar creamy orange. 

At Caribou Crossing this whitefish is of considerable importance as a food fish. The principal 
supply is said to come from Lake Atlin, where it is caught in winter as well as at other seasons. It 
is doubtless common in all suitable waters in the Yukon Basin. 

This species has previously been recorded from the following Alaskan localities: Yukon River at 
Xulato and Fort Yukon (Bean 1882); Yukon River at Xulato and Unalakleet River (Nelson 1887); and 
Yukon River at Fort Yukon (Turner 1886). 



Bull. U.S. B F. 1906. 



Plate XIV. 



€ 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 235 

21. Coregonus nelsoni Bean. Nelson's Whitejish. 

We have a single specimen, no. 2927, 12 inches long, collected in Lake Bennett, British Columbia, 
July 20, 1903. 

Originally described by Bean (1884) from Nulato, and since recorded from Middle Kobuk River 
(Townsend 1887), Point Barrow (Murdoch 1885), Nulato and Andreafski, Yukon River (Nelson 1887), 
and Grantley Harbor (Scofield 1899). 

22. Argyrosomus pusillus (Bean). Least Whiteftsh. 

Six specimens, 9.75 to 10.5 inches long, obtained at Caribou Crossing, and 8 specimens, 4.5 to 10 
inches long, seined in Lake Bennett. The 4.5-inch Lake Bennett specimen is described as follows: 

Head 4.67 in body; depth 5.5; eye 3.75 in head; dorsal 10; anal 12; ventral 11; scales 10-90-8. 

Body rather elongate, compressed; mouth oblique, gape rather small, extending back about half 
the length of the maxillaries; lower jaw considerably projecting; maxillary broad, somewhat curved, 
not extending much beyond the anterior margin of orbit, its length 3.13 in head; mandible long, reach- 
ing to below middle of pupil, 2.3 in head; teeth almost microscopic, in both jaws, none on tongue; gill- 
rakers long, slender, and numerous, 10+26 and 13+28; dorsal high, its longest ray (about the third) 
about 1.3 in head and about twice length of base; base of dorsal 2.5 in head; dorsal rays shortening 
rapidly after third and fourth, leaving the margin of the fin very slightly concave; insertion of dorsal 
midway between tip of snout and a point about half way between adipose and caudal fins; caudal large, 
equally forked, both lobes and indentation acutish; anal low, its longest ray 2.25 in head, its base 2 in 
head, its posterior margin slightly concave; ventrals inserted somewhat behind origin of dorsal, reach- 
ing about two-thirds distance to origin of anal, the length of then longest rays about 1.3 in head; pectoral 
equaling ventral. 

Bluish above, with minute black punctulations; sides below lateral line and a short distance above, 
silvery, belly white; dorsal and caudal almost imperceptibly dusky; other fins wholly plain; iris sil- 
very, a narrow blackish ring about the orbit, plainest above and below. 

This little fresh-water herring is probably not so abundant ia the Yukon basin as the two preceding 
species. 

The species was originally described by Bean (1889) as Coregonus pusillus from Kuwuk (Kobuk) 
River. He had previously recorded it in Cruise of the Corwin (1889) as Coregonus merckii var., from 
Hotham Inlet, Kotzebue Sound. It has also been recorded by Bean (1882) from St. Michael and 
northern Alaska; by Nelson (1887) from Andreafski, Yukon River, and by Scofield (1899) from Grantley 
Harbor and Barter Island near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. 

23. Argyrosomus laurettse (Bean). 

Originally described by Bean (1882) as Coregonus laurettse from Point Barrow and Port Clarence, 
and recorded by him also from the Yukon River at Nulato. Other records are as follows: Yukon River 
at Nulato (Nelson 1887); Meade and Kuaru rivers and Elson Bay (Murdoch 1885); and Nushagak and 
Naknek rivers (Gilbert 1895). 

24. Argyrosomus lucidus (Richardson). 

The only record for this species is Hershel Island (Scofield 1899). 

25. Argyrosomus alascanus Scofield. (PI. xiv, fig. 1.) 

Originally described from Point Hope and Grantley Harbor (Scofield 1899); not yet known from 
any other place. 



236 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

26. Stenodus mackenzii (Richardson). Inconnu. 

Although no specimens were obtained by us, this species is known to occur in the headwaters of 
the Yukon. It has been reported to us by Messrs. Osgood and Maddren, who saw it in the Yukon in 
1900. Mr. Presnell, of Chignik Bay. says that he saw an example 10 inches long at Eagle City in 1898 
which had been taken through an air hole in the ice. and he thinks he saw another, weighing 3 or 4 
pounds, on Forty-mile Creek. 




Fig. 9. — Stenodus mackenzii (Richardsonj. 

Townsend (1887) records one specimen taken in the Middle Klawak (Kobuk) in August, 1885; 
Xelson (1887) records it from the Yukon at Xulato, Kotlik, and Andreafski; Turner (1886), from St. 
Michaels; and Scofield (1899) from the Mackenzie River. 

27. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Humpback Salmon; Pink Salmon. (PI. xxin — xxvi.) 

The humpback salmon is the most abundant salmon in Alaskan waters. It exists in millions, 
swarming everywhere along the shores and in waters near the sea, in streams, brooks, lakes, swamps, 
and brackish lagoons — in fact, in all places where fresh water, however little, may be found. It is 
ordinarily not found far from shore, and does not run up the streams for great distances. It does not 
frequent the larger rivers, and is therefore almost unknown in the Sacramento and Columbia, and even 
in the Fraser; but in the smaller streams it is found practically everywhere from California to Bering 
Sea, wherever a stream of fresh water, however small, enters the sea. Dr. Bean records it from 
Refuge Cove, Cook Inlet, and St. Paul, Kodiak Island; also from Colville River. Townsend (July 2 
to August 25, 1885) found it in the Middle Kobuk River; not more than a half dozen individuals were 
seen, however, among the large numbers of fishes examined at every village of natives. Scofield (1899) 
found this species at Port Clarence about the middle of July, at which time it was beginning to run up 
the river back of the inner harbor. Gilbert (1895) says: 

The humpback salmon was seen by us at Port Moller on the northern side of the Alaskan Peninsula, 
during two visits, which included the first two weeks and the last week of July, 1890. During the first 
part of this month they were running in small numbers, and, as a few scattered ones only had been taken 
at Unalaska up to June 16, 1890, it is safe to indicate the first of July as the beginning of their appearance 
on that part of the coast. In the early part of their run they proved a very acceptable fish, but later 
they rapidly deteriorated. On our return to Unalaska, July 31, 1890, we learned that they had been 
running for several weeks, and during several visits in the month of August they were found in incredible 
numbers crowding into the mouths of the small streams which flow into Captains Harbor. Both pools 
and shallows seemed full of them and large numbers were dying within a few hundred yards of the 
beach. The spawning season appeared to begin early in August. 

According to Murdoch (1885), humpback salmon occur sparingly at Perignak, Elson Bay. Nelson 
(1887) states that the run at St. Michael begins about the middle of June and that the fish continue 
rather numerous until the end of July. They were seen in abundance at all places visited by us in 
July and August. On July 8 some were taken in a gill net in Yes Bay. At Klawak they are plentiful 
and unusually large, running about 14 to the case in canning. Usually 20 to the case is a fair average, 
though they often run as small as 25 to 30 to the case. 

At Afognak Falls, August 3, humpback salmon were found running in great numbers; they were 
seen in all parts of the stream below the falls, some jumping, others in the water often with their fins 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 237 

sticking out. The falls are in several parts, three being of considerable height, and with quieter water 
between. The upper or main fall is far more serious, and the salmon make many unsuccessful attempts 
to ascend it. The lip of the fall is very irregular and broken in many places, and at different levels 
are found pools or corners with less turbulent water where the fish can rest on their way up. 

Just below this fall is a large relatively quiet pool extending the full width of the stream and perhaps 
100 feet down the stream. This pool was literally packed with salmon; they seemed to be lying nearly 
as close together as possible and there must have been many thousands cf them. Nearly or quite all of 
them, unless disturbed, lay with their heads upstream. They were all restless and seemed to be moving 
about more or less, usually trying to get nearer the fall — some pushing upward to the edge of rough water, 
then jumping wildly, sometimes gaining a little, but more often hitting the bank or some projecting rock 
or swift water and gaining nothing. Immediately under the fall they were jumping all the time. During 
the hour of observation there was scarcely a moment when one or more salmon could not be seen in the 
air or making then way against the nearly vertical current. The vantage ground from which they 
started was not good and the jumping appeared to be aimless and at random. Often they would jump 
straight up when some distance below the fall, frequently the wrong way, sometimes even downstream; 
sometimes striking the bank or a projecting rock, to be thrown back into the water, only to try the leap 
again. Occasionally a salmon which had reached the foot of a descending sheet of water would, with 
better judgment, jump toward the sheet and perhaps strike part of the way up, where it would maintain 
itself for a moment, perhaps advancing a short distance, but finally losing, to be carried or dashed, some- 
times sidewise, sometimes headforemost, back into the pool below. During all the time of observation 
by the authors not a single salmon was seen to make the fall, but others of the party saw some succeed, 
and in the stream above the falls were seen several salmon that of course had gotten over. Into one pool 
easy of access, at the foot of the fall and containing as many salmon as it could possibly hold, one of 
us put his hand to lift a salmon out. By closing the hand over the gills it was possible to hold on to the 
fish without any difficulty, and so long as this succeeded the other fish took no alarm, but when one 
escaped it and all the others scurried down the falls in the most reckless way. 

The entire stream from the falls to its mouth was well filled with salmon. Nearly all appeared to 
be humpbacks, although there were evidently a few sockeyes among them. Nearly all of both species 
were fresh from the sea and apparently in excellent condition. 

In many places humpback salmon were seen jumping, in bays, passages and river mouths. At 
Sitka (August 20) boys were seen gaffing them in Indian River near its mouth. The males were greatly 
humped. All reports were to the effect that the run in the streams near Sitka was unusually large in 
1903. The same was true at Killisnoo. We often saw humpback salmon along the shore where the only 
fresh water was seepage through the sand and gravel. They would often throw themselves out on the 
beach in their efforts to reach fresh water. Humpbacks are said to occur in the Yukon in July and 
August, though in limited numbers. We seined large numbers on July 25 at Pablof Bay, southeast 
Alaska; also at Sitkoh Bay, July 26. The species was noted also in Silver Creek near Sitka. July 29. 
Fry 1.3 inches long were taken May 22 with a lot of coho fry in sloughs or little pools along the Karluk 
River near its source. 

The run of humpbacks extends, perhaps, through a longer period than that of any other species. In 
Southeast Alaska it begins in June and continues until September or even later in some places. North- 
ward the period is somewhat shorter. On Puget Sound and southward it is more prolonged and 
continues late in the fall. As already stated, the humpback salmon as a rule do not ascend streams to 
great distances. If they enter large rivers at all they are apt to run into the first small tributary stream 
which they reach. They prefer, however, the smaller coastal streams, and are therefore not often seen 
in numbers at any distance from the sea. 

They are quite persistent, and, in a measure, successful in their efforts to ascend streams in which 
considerable falls occur. Observations similar to those on their attempts to ascend Afognak Falls were 
made at Pablof Falls July 25, and at Doit Falls, Naha Stream, August 30, and indicate that the hump- 
back jumps quite as well as any of the other species of salmon. "W nere the water conditions — depth, 
current, width, etc. — are favorable it can probably make a vertical jump of 10 feet, but to ascend a fall 
with that vertical height frequent attempts would probably be made before success was attained, as the 
jumping appears to be more or less at random. It is perfectly evident that the salmon does not select a 
particular point on or near the lip of the falls where it proposes to strike; it simply jumps aimlessly, 
and sooner or later strikes the fall at a place where it is able to maintain itself and from which it can 
ascend into more quiet water above the falls. 



238 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Unlike the sockeye. this salmon does not refuse to enter streams which have no lakes in their head- 
waters. It seems to be entirely indifferent as regards this stream character; it selects its spawning beds 
in streams with or without lakes in their course. If in a stream with lakes, the beds may be in the stream 
above the lake, below the lake, or even in the lake itself. If there be one essential feature, aside from 
temperature, it is probably that the stream must be a relatively small one. 

The humpback is the smallest of the 5 species of Pacific coast salmon. The results of a large number 
of measurements and weights are shown in the table which follows: 

Lengths and Weights of Humpback Salmon. 



Locality and date. 



Num- 






Length. 






Weight 




Average for all. 


ber 
exam- 


Sex. 


















Maxi- 


Mini- 


Aver- 


Maxi- 


Mini- 


Aver- 


Length. 


Weight. 


ined. 




mum. 


mum. 


age. 


mum. 


mum. 


age. 






Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


57 


r? 


26.00 


19.25 


22.65 


6.00 


2.25 


3.97 


)■ 22.42 




59 


9 


23.75 


19.5 


22.20 


4.5 


2.00 


3.55 


3. 77 


30 


cf 


26.75 


20.75 


22.99 


7.00 


3.00 


4.63 


\ 23.25 




70 


? 


24.25 


18.25 


23.87 


5.75 


2.00 


3.73 


4.00 


44 


(f 


26.50 


20.00 


23.25 


7.00 


2.50 


4.26 


j- 22.33 


4.06 


56 


9 


24.00 


17.00 


21.60 


5.50 


2.00 


3.91 


42 


d 


25.75 


19.00 


22.47 


7.00 


2.75 


4.02 


\ 22.13 


3.93 


59 


9 


23.75 


19.00 


21.80 


5.5 


2.50 


3.86 


35 


cf 


26.75 


21.75 


24.33 


7.00 


4.00 


5.24 


} 23.09 




65 


? 


25.00 


19.5 


22.43 


6.00 


2.5 


4.28 


4.62 


92 
108 

7 
11 


cf 
9 

cf 

9 






J21.89 

23.61 

22.87 






4.16 




















5.57 
4.36 


} 23.17 












4.83 


4 


cf 


27.00 


22.66 


24.25 


6.00 


5.00 


5.5 


} 23.00 


4.64 


7 


? 


23.00 


21.00 


22.3 


5.00 


3.00 


4.14 


40 
10 


cf 

9 






21.9 
21.00 






3.9 
3.7 


| 21.6 








3.8 


53 


rT 


27.00 


23.00 


24.80 


8.00 


4.00 


. 5.66 


| 23.78 


4.84 


97 


9 


25.00 


20.00 


23.21 


6.00 


2.00 


4.39 


28 


rf 


25.25 


20.00 


22.50 


8.00 


2.00 


4.85 


} 22.46 


4.77 


7 


9 


24.00 


20.00 


22.86 


5.5 


3.00 


4.42 


71 


ff 








11.5 


2.75 


7.7 


} 




52 










7.5 


3.5 


5.9 


6.9 


41 


cf 








7.75 


3.00 


5.1 


\ 


4.7 


59 


2 








6.00 


2.5 


4.4 


| 


41 


cf 








9.00 


3.00 


5.1 


\ 


4.7 


59 


9 

cf 








5.5 


3.5 


4.5 


\ 

\ 


97 








8.5 


3.00 


5.65 


5.2 


108 


9 






7.00 


2.75 


4.8 


} 


61 


cf 








10.00 


3.25 


5.3 


1 


4.7 


91 


9 

cf 








6.75 


2.5 


4.4 


} 


50 








7.00 


2.5 


4.8 


4.55 


15 


9 

cf 








6.00 


3.25 


4.4 


1 

\ 


50 








7.5 


2.5 


4.8 


4.7 


20 


9 








5.25 


3.25 


4.6 


J 


4 


rf 


21.25 


19.00 


21.062 


2.5 


2.00 


2.375 


1 19. 972 


2.333 


5 


9 


20.75 


18.75 


19.5 


3.00 


2.00 


2.3 


62 


rf 


24.00 


19.00 


21. 487 


6.00 


2.5 


4.032 


| 21.004 


3.809 


30 


9 


20.75 


18.25 


20.00 


4.25 


2.5 


3.35 



Shipley Bay (Aug. 24) 

Bear Harbor 

Port Ellis, Home Stearn (Aug. 22) 

Sukkwan (Aug. 28) 

Hunter Bay (Aug. 28) 

Funter Bay (July 23) 

Do 

Yakutat (Aug. 18) 

Litnik Bay (Aug. 3) 

Klawak 

Cleveland Passage (July 13) 

Yes Bay (July 17) 

Kegan (Aug. 16) 

Nowiskay (Aug. 19) 

Quadra (Aug. 6) 

Karta (July 26) 

Karta (Aug. 2, 1904) 

Scowl Arm (Aug. 2) 

Wood River (July 19) 

Nushagak River (July 22) 



Three dozen humpback salmon (both sexes) were weighed at the cannery at Wrangell, July 13. 
The average weight was 5.8 pounds, the average length 24 inches. At the cannery of the Thlinket 
Packing and Trading Company, July 23, 30 fish (both sexes) gave an average weight of 4.2 pounds 
and an average length of 24.46 inches. 

A male humpback taken in a gillnet in Yes Bay, July 9, was 25 inches long and weighed 7 pounds. 

From the above (omitting those weighed in 1903 and 1904 by Mr. Chamberlain, for which the 
lengths are not given) it appears that the largest male humpback examined was 27 inches in total length 
and that the maximum weight was 8 pounds. The smallest male was 19 inches long and the minimum 
weight 2 pounds. The largest female was 25 inches long and the heaviest weighed 5.5 pounds. The 
smallest female was 17 inches long and the minimum weight was 2 pounds. The average of 341 males 
was in length, 23.19 inches, in weight 4.3 pounds; of 441 females, length 22.59 inches, weight 4 pounds. 
The average length of the 782 fish (both sexes) was 22.64 inches, and the average weight 4.13 pounds. 
The examples weighed by Mr. Chamberlain at various places in 1903 and 1904 appear to be somewhat 
heavier than those examined by us. The 11.5-pound male weighed by him at Yes Bay, July 17, is 3.5 
pounds heavier than any examined by us. And the heaviest female (7.5 pounds) examined by him 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



239 



was 2.5 pounds heavier than the heaviest weighed by us. The average weight of 1,597 fish (782 weighed 
by us, 815 by Mr. Chamberlain) was 5.25 pounds. The Yes Bay humpbacks appear to be heavier 
than any others. 

An examination of these figures and the detailed data on which they are based does not, however, 
indicate that any geographic races can be recognized. While the averages for the different streams 
show considerable differences in some instances, the individuals from any one stream lack homogeneity 
and show a range of variation in length and weight great enough to include that of the different streams. 

The humpback salmon is known to the Russians as gorbuscha and to the trade as pink salmon. 
Not until recently in the history of the salmon-canning industry has it been utilized. Its flesh is pale 
or pink in color, less firm in texture, and with less of the salmon flavor characteristic of the sockeye 
and chinook. For these reasons canners were slow to utilize it. A few years ago, however, a number 
of enterprising canners began putting up this species under the name of pink salmon and during the 
last five or six years the industry has developed enormously. The pack of many canneries which 
originally put up nothing but reds consists now largely, in some cases almost wholly, of pinks. Many 
canneries which at first utilized the humpbacks only at the end of the season in order to make up their 
guaranty are now canning them whenever they can get them. 

Although as a canned product not ranking as high as the red, the king, or the coho, pink salmon 
is a delicious article, palatable, very nutritious, and thoroughly wholesome in every way. As a food 
product its place is now established and in the future it will only increase in popularity. When fresh 
and directly from the sea it is, next to the king, generally regarded as the best of all the salmons as 
a fresh fish. As a salted fish also it ranks high, and salted humpback bellies are esteemed a great 
delicacy. This fish, however, does not keep well m the fresh state, the flesh becoming soft soon after 
the fish is taken out of the water and becoming tainted in forty-eight hours or less, even in the cool 
climate of Alaska. By the time the fish has reached the spawning beds or even the mouths of the 
rivers, its flesh has lost most of the oil it had and is then almost worthless as food. Only when caught 
some time before it would have entered the streams is it fit for food. 

The catch of humpbacks in 1906 was second in value only to the red salmon. In that year the 
total number of humpback salmon utilized in the Alaskan fisheries, as given by the Alaska salmon 
agents, was 7,707,999. The bulk of these were canned, though many were utilized in other ways, 
as fresh, salted, etc. Reducing the entire catch to the basis of canned salmon, the total . product 
for 1906 equaled 357,428 cases which, at average current prices, was valued at $1,061,463. 



The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Humpback Salmon at Various Fishing 

Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906. 

Note.— The fact that the name of a river is given does not necessarily mean that fishing is carried on in the river itself; 
in many instances the fishing station is in the vicinity of the stream and its name has been used in order more clearly to 
locate the streams. The dates given do not necessarily mean the beginning and ending of the run for each stream, as the 
fish may have been running for some time before the cannery men were able to fish the stream, and the pack may have 
been obtained and fishing stopped before the end of the run. 



Waters. 


1900. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended — 


Bering Sea. 
Nushagak Bay 




June 8 


Aug. 6 


June 19 


June 30 


June 16 
July — 
June 20 
June 21 


Aug. 4 


Wood River 1 


Kvichak River 


July 15 
July 23 

.Tnlv 2 


July 25 
July 28 

Aug. 19 


June 21 
July 1 

June 10 
July 26 


Aug. 5 
Aug. 2 

Aug. 14 
July 26 


June 26 
June 14 


July 26 
July 30 


Aug. 7 
July 31 


Nairn elc Rivpr 


Central Alaska. 
Chignik Lagoon and River 


Kodiak Island : Karluk 1 










Cook Inlet (Kasilof ) ! 








Aug. 8 


Aug. 13 


Prince William Sound : Cordova Bay 




July 2 

Aug. 1 

July 15 
July 20 


July 12 

Aug. 20 
July 30 
Aug. 2 






Southeast Alaska. 






July 26 
July 14 


Aug. 8 
Aug. 10 






Situk River 






July 5 
....do... 


Aug. 11 
July 31 


Ankau River I j 



240 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Humpback Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906— Continued. 



Waters. 



1900. 



Fishing 
began— 



Fishing 
ended — 



1904. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended- 



1905. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended- 



1906. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended - 



Southeast Alaska— Continued. 



Ankau Slough 

Ahrnklin River 

Surge Bay, Yakobi Island 

Takanis Bay, Yakobi Island 

Cape Edward, off Chichagof Island 

Portlock Harbor, Chichagof Island 

Cross Sound: 

Soapstone Point, Yakobi Island 

Lisianski Strait 

Port Althorpe, Chichagof Island 

James Bay (?) 

Kochtakeene (?) 

Icy Strait : 

Dundas Bay 

Glacier Bay — 

Bartlett Bay 

Pleasant Island 

Lynn Canal 

Chilkoot Inlet and River 

Eagle River 

Tee Harbor 

Lena Cove 

Point Louisa 

Auk Bay 

Chatham Strait: 

Funter Bay, Admiralty Island 

Basket Bay, Chicagof Island 

Flat Bay, Chicagof Island 

White Rock, Chicagof Island 

Sitkoh Bay, Chicagof Island 

Peril Strait, Rodman Bay, Baranof 
Island 

Bay of Pillars 

North Arm, Kuiu Island 

South Arm, Kuiu Island 

St. Michael Bay: Kuiu Bay,Kuiu Island 
Stephens Passage 

Taku Inlet 

Port Snettisham 

Seymour Canal 

Pleasant Bay, Admiralty Island 

Frederick Sound: 

Saginaw Bay, Kuiu Island 

Portage Bay, Kupreanof Island 

Cleveland Passage 

Wrangell Strait: 

Petersburg Creek, Mitkof Island 

Blind Point, Mitkof Island 

Duncan Canal, Kupreanof Island 

Sea Otter Sound: Fokhini Stream, Kosci- 
usko Island ' 

Iphigenia Bay: Warm Chuck, Heceta Island ; 

Tonowek Bay: 

Sarkar, Prince of Wales Island 

Nahakay, Prince of Wales Island j 

Gulf of Esquibel: Shineha Creek, Prince of 

Wales Island 

San Alberto Bay: 

Klawak Inlet, Prince of Wales Island. . July 16 

Big Harbor, Prince of Wales Island 

Tlevak Strait: Skookum Chuck 

Cordova Bay: Hetta, Prince of Wales 
Island 



July 13 
....do... 



July 27 
Aug. 17 



July 15 



Julv 25 



Sumner Strait: 

Shipley Bay, Kosciusko Island 

Shakan Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Calder and Elcopdam Bay, Prince of 
Wales Island 

Ilole-in-the-Wall, Prince of Wales 
Island 

Seclusion Harbor, Kuiu Island 

Point Barrie Stream, Kupreanof Island 

Totem Bay, Kupreanof Island 

Red Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Blind Slough, Kupreanof Island 

Stikine River 

Zimovia Strait: 

Olive Bav, Etolin Island 

Thorns (Old Village) Stream, Wrangell 
Island I Aug. 5 



July 1 
June 25 
June — 



July 1 



June 25 

June 1 
July 12 
Julv 20 
...do... 

July 12 

July 1 



Aug. 31 ! 



Aug. 16 



Julv 20 
June 25 
July 1 
July 4 



July 20 



Aug. 19 



July 23 



July 26 



Aug. 3 

Aug. 27 ; Aug. 1 



. Sept. 1 

. Julv 19 

. Aug. 12 

. Julv 23 

. Sept. 1 



Julv 25 



Aug. 18 



Aug. 24 
Sept. 15 
Sept. — 



July 26 
[No 
July 25 
July 20 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 10 

July 31 

July 28 
July 27 
...do... 
Aug. 4 

July 24 

July 29 
June 22 



Aug. 8 
run.] 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 27 
Aug. 31 
Aug. 10 

Aug. 1 
Aug. 3 
Aug. 5 
July 27 
Aug. 13 

July 27 

July 29 

Sept. 14 



...do... 
July 10 
July 25 
Aug. 3 



Aug. 


25 


July 


25 




July 


25 



July 17 
July 12 
June 26 



Sept. 7 



July 15 



Sept. 15 



June 21 



Sept. 7 

Sept. 15 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 25 
...do... 
Aug. 24 

...do... 



July 1 Sept. 15 
do do. . . 

do. . . do. . . 



July 3 Sept. 16 



June 21 



July 25 



Aug. 1 
Sept. 7 
...do... 
Aug. 4 



Julv 25 

July 1 

do 



Aug. 20 



Aug. 15 
.do 

.do 



Julv 25 
...do... 
July 20 



Sept. 1 
Aug" 23 



...do.. .' do.. 

i 



June 



Aug. 22 
Aug. "25 



Julv 15 
July 1 
Julv 16 



Aug. 31 
Oct. 1 
Sept. 6 



July 23 

July 'if 

July 10 
Aug. 14 
July 23 



Aug. 8 
Aug. 26 



Sept. 8 
Aug. 24 
Sept. 6 
A up. 28 
Sept. 4 



Aug. 1 



July 15 



Julv 29 



Julv 14 
Aug. 25 
July 2 



July 23 
July 12 



Aug. 
Sept. 



Aug. 31 



Aug. 29 



Aug. 8 

Aug. 1 

Julv 24 
....do.. 
Aug. 8 

July 24 

Julv 27 
Aug. 30 

July 27 

July 30 



Aug. 28 
Aug. 25 
Sept. 3 



Aug. 25 
July 28 



Jury 15 

Aug. 17 
Julv 25 



July 9 
July 20 
Sept. 1 



n-o. 9 

Aug. 11 
Aug. 3 

Aug. 25 
Aug. 7 
Aug. 13 



Julv 28 
Sept. 6 
Sept. 22 

Aug. 22 



Do. 



Aug. 30 
Do. 
Do. 



Aug. — 

Aug. 27 

Do. 

Aug. 28 

Do. 
Aug. 25 

Sept. 9 
Sept. 5 

Aug. 24 

Aug. 9 

Sept. 1 

Do. 
Sept. 3 

Sept. 1 

Aug. 31 
Aug. 30 

Do. 

Aug. 23 

Do. 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 31 

Aug. 4 

Aug. 1 

Sept. 3 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



241 



The Beginning and Ending op Commercial Fishing for Humpback Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906 — Continued. 





1900. 


1904. 


1905. 1906. 


Waters 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended — 


Southeast Alaska — Continued. 
Clarence Strait: 






July 25 
....do... 


Aug. 13 
Sept. 4 


July 9 
July 1 
do... 


Sept. 6 
Sept. 1 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 1 


June 15 
....do... 
....do... 
....do... 
....do... 


Sept. 4 

Do. 

Sept. 10 

Sept. 4 

Do. 


Eagle Creek, Prince of Wales Island 
















....do... 




















Aug. 12 


Aug. 14 
Aug. 21 
Sept. 10 






























July 27 


July 19 
July 1 

Sept. 2 


Aug. 8 
Sept. 1 

Sept. 4 


June 15 
....do... 

July 17 
July 8 
Aug. 25 
July 25 

Aug. 27 
June 27 
June 15 
July 14 
Sept. 1 
Aug. 1 

July 28 

. do 


Sept. 4 
Do 








Ernest Sound— 






Aug. 1 


Aug. 8 


Aug. 14 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 30 
Aug. 5 

Aug. 27 
July 28 
Sept. 4 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 3 
Sept. 4 

Sept. 3 

Do 








Etolin Cove, Etolin Island (?) 




























Santa Anna Bay, Cleveland Penin- 






































* 




Midway Cove (?) 










































Kasaan Bay — 

Karta Bay, Prince of Wales Island. 
Twelve Mile Arm, Kina Stream, 


July 18 


Aug. 20 




























Aug. — 


Sept. — 


....do... 


Sept. 5 


Behm Canal — 






July 31 
July 19 


Sept. 1 
Aug. 19 


Yes Bay, Cleveland Peninsula 


July 15 


Sept. 14 














Aug. 2 


Aug. 29 








Aug. 15 
July 11 
Sept. 3 

Aug. 5 


Aug. 22 
Aug. 17 
Sept. 3 

Aug. 11 








July 15 


Aug. 16 






July 17 


Aug. 3 








Tongass Narrows — 

Ward Cove, Revillagigedo Island. . . 


Aug. 3 


Sept. 7 






July 23 

Aug. 20 
July 30 
July 28 

June 30 

July 13 


Sept. 6 

Sept. 5 
Sept. 15 
Sept. 6 

Sept. 6 

Sept. 8 


Ketchikan Creek, Revillagigedo Is- 












Aug. 1 
July 9 

Aug. 5 

July 14 


Aug. 28 
Aug. 20 

Sept. 8 

Aug. 22 


Aug. 5 
July 29 

Aug. 1 

July 29 

Au f„ 8 


Sept. 1 
Aug. 29 

Aug. 28 

Aug. 29 
do... 








Peter Johnson Stream (Dolomi), Prince 


July 23 


Sept. 1 


Moira Sound — 








Browns, Prince of Wales Island 










....do... 






South Arm— 

Kegan Stream, Prince of Wales 
Island 






Aug. 2 
Aug. 9 
Aug. 4 


Sept. 1 
Aug. 25 
Aug. 31 


July 29 


Aug. 29 


July 11 


Sept. 6 


Nowiskay Stream, Prince of 
Wales Island 






Old Johnson Stream, Prince of 










July 13 
Aug. 2 


Sept. 3 
Aug. 29 


Nichols Passage- 
Blank Inlet, Gravina Island 
















Aug. 22 

Aug. 6 
July 27 
Aug. 3 
Aug. 16 

July 7 
Aug. 14 


Sept. 7 

Aug. 31 
....do... 
....do... 

Aug. 23 

Sept. 5 
Aug. 21 






Hemlock Island, off Annette 
Island 






Aug. 7 
Aug. 2 
July 29 


Aug. 14 
Sept. 1 
....do... 
Aus?. 21 






Tain, Annette Island 






July 26 
July 24 


Sept. 13 
Aug. 29 


Tamgas Harbor, Annette Island. . . 


July 24 


Sept. 1 


Revillagigedo Channel: 

George Inlet, Revillagigedo Island 

Carroll Inlet Revillagigedo Island 


July 20 


Sept. 4 




July 6 


Sept. 1 


1 


Thorne Arm, Revillagigedo Island 






1 


Aug. 24 


Aug. 24 








Aug. 28 


Sept. 3 


1 . . , 




Nancy Haines (?) 








Sept. 14 
Aug. 8 
July 21 
July 24 


Sept. 19 
Aug. 31 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 23 


















July 15 


Aug. 12 


July 9 


Aug. 27 


















Sept. 1 


Sept. 3 
















Aug. 7 


Aug. 10 



















B. B. F. 1906—16 



242 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



28. Oncorbynchus keta (Walbaum). Dog Salmon; Chum; Calico Salmon. (PI. xxvn and xxvin.) 

The dog salmon is a species of wide distribution. On the American coast it occurs from San Francisco 
northward at least to Hotham Inlet, Kotzebue Sound, and Bering Strait (Bean 1882). It is found also 
on the Asiatic coast and is the principal salmon in Japanese waters, where it is known as sake. It is 
not abundant on the coast of California, but increases in numbers northward, being most abundant in 
Southeast Alaska. Dr. Bean records it from Old Sitka, from Alexandrovsk, Cook Inlet, and from 
St. Paul. Kodiak Island. Mr. Hess reports its occurrence at Teller in a stream flowing into Port Clarence. 
In the streams of Seward Peninsula it runs from July 15 to August 31; then comes a mixture of dog 
salmon and silver salmon. The species was found by Mr. Hess on July 1, 1900, near Council, in the 
lower Fish River, which flows into Golofinin Bay. 

It is said that the run of salmon in the Tanana is not great enough for canning purposes; but in 
the Yukon at the mouth of the Tanana the run of salmon (all species) is probably enough to justify 
commercial fishing. Mr. Townsend (1885) records it as the principal salmon of the Kobuk River. 

According to Mr. E. W. Nelson (1880) the dog salmon is abundant at St. Michael. The run begins 
at the end of June and is over by the last of July. On account of its great abundance, this is to the 
Eskimo the most valuable food fish about the shores of Bering Sea and the lower Yukon and Kuskoquim 
rivers. On the lower Yukon the main run occurs between the last of June and the end of July. The 
fish is rarely taken at St. Michael before June 12. 

Dog salmon are said to go through Chilkoot Lake and spawn in its inlets, but we have no positive 
knowledge to this effect. At Sitka on August 20, where boys were seen gaffing salmon at the bridge 
across Indian River, several dog salmon were noted. 

Dog salmon were seen by us at most of the canneries visited, especially in August. We saw them 
at Taku Inlet (July 14), Killisnoo and Sitkoh Bay (July 26), Chignik (August 9 and 10), Kell Bay 
(August 23), Dundas Bay, Point Ellis (August 21), Funter Bay (July 23), Hunter Bay (August 28), 
Cleveland Passage (July 13), Pillar Bay and Loring. 

The run of dog salmon in Alaska seems to come later than that of any other species except the coho. 
In Southeast Alaska the season is not at its height until late in August or September. Spawning fish 
have been taken in the vicinity of Fort Yukon in August and September. Like the humpback, the 
dog salmon seems to prefer the smaller, coastal streams. Although it runs to some extent in the larger 
rivers, such as the Columbia, Copper, and Yukon, it ordinarily does not ascend them to great distances. 
It is unknown in the headwaters of the Columbia; the records of "dog salmon" there and in the head- 
waters of other large rivers probably refer in most cases to spawning males of the chinook salmon, which 
are, in many places, popularly known as "dog salmon." This species is most abundant in small 
streams near the sea and in the small lower-course tributaries of the larger streams. 

The dog salmon is second in size only to the chinook, as is shown by the following table. A total of 
202 samples were examined. The average weight of these was 8.33 pounds, the average length, 29 inches. 
The largest male examined was 35 inches long and weighed 16 pounds; the smallest was 25.5 inches long 
and weighed 5 pounds. The largest female was 33 inches long and weighed 15 pounds, the smallest female 
was 25 inches long and weighed 7 pounds. 

Measurements and Weights of Dog Salmon. 





Num- 


Sex. 


Length. 


Weight. 


Average 
length. 


Average 


amined. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Average. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. Average. 


weight. 


Chignik { 3 

Sukkwan { 


cf 

9 
d" 
9 
cf 
9 
cf 
cf 
9 

cf 

i 

cf 


Inches. 
33.87 
27.87 
32. 75* 
29.00 
35.00 
33.00 
31.50 
30.00 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 
13.00 
8.13 
10.00 
10.00 
16.00 
15.00 


Pounds. Pounds. 


Inches. 
\ 29.37 

\ 30.87 

\ 31.17 

31.50 

} 29.40 

\ S9.17 
29.50 

\ 28.001 
27.50 

} 29.015 


Pounds. 


26.13 


27.08 


7.24 


7.57 


9.34 










10.00 




{ j 

{ I 
{ iS 

1 
( 15 
i 11 

1 
1 59 
\ 68 


35.00 
25.00 


35.00 
29.25 


15.00 
8.00 


15.5 
10.5 
16,00 
12.00 
9.67 
8.44 
8.11 


12.17 


Point Ellis 


16.00 














Dundas Bay 




29.2 
29.80 
28. 45 






10.00 


KellBay 

Cleveland Passage . . 

Nushagak River 

Koggiung 

Ugashik River 


32.50 
30. 50 
29.50 
32.00 
29.13 
27. 50 
32.00 
30. 75 


26. 25 
27.50 


12.00 
9.00 
12.00 
11.00 
9.00 
7.50 
14.00 
12.00 


6.00 
7.00 


8.29 
12.00 


25.50 
25. 50 


28.683 
27. 102 


5.00 
6.00 


8.4 
7.045 


7. 596 
7.50 


28. 25 
25.00 


30.00 
28. 158 


6.5 

6.5 


9.038 
7.459 


8.192 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



243 



As a food fish this species is inferior to all the other salmon. The inferiority, however, is more 
marked when the fish is canned than when otherwise utilized. The flesh is soft and spongy and does not 
lend itself readily to canning processes. It is pale in color and therefore not so attractive in appearance 
as that of the other species. When utilized fresh the fish takes a higher rank. It is coming more and 
more to be frozen and shipped east or abroad, and is meeting with much favor in that form. Consider- 
able quantities are being dry-salted for the Japanese market. In Japan this species is highly prized and 
is a valuable product of the fisheries. It is the most abundant salmon in that country. 

When fresh run from the sea the dog salmon is a handsome fish, plump and silvery, very attractive 
in appearance, and closely resembling the silver salmon. Later the dark of the back tends to form 
vertical bars which extend down on the sides. In the breeding season the body becomes largely dirty 
black, obscurely barred with dirty red, the jaws become greatly elongated and distorted, and the teeth 
show prominently. Frequently the flesh is dirty red and soiled white alternately in broad bands which, 
together with the banding on the surface, doubtless suggested the name calico salmon. The Russians 
call this salmon hayko or lelcai, while to the Japanese it is sake. The trade name on our coast is chum. 

Although the dog salmon does not yet rank high in popular favor, and while it is commercially the 
least valuable of the several species of salmon except the coho, it is nevertheless a valuable fish, one 
destined to become more and more appreciated as we learn better methods for its utilization. The flesh, 
though not so red nor so firm and flaky as in other species, is no less nutritious and no less wholesome. At 
present it is probably better to utilize it either fresh or by dry-salting rather than by canning. 

During the season of 1906 the dog salmon fishery increased enormously over previous years. The 
total number of fish utilized was 3,259,384. Reducing the entire catch to a canned salmon basis it is 
equivalent to 273,459 cases, valued at $755,374. 

The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Dog Salmon at Various Fishing 

Stations in Alaska, 1904-1906. 

Note.— The fact that the name of a river is given does not mean that fishing is carried on in the river itself; in fact, 
the fish are nearly always caught before they enter the streams. In many instances the fishing station is in the vicinity 
of the stream and its name has merely been used to locate the station more clearly. The dates given do not necessarily 
mean the beginning and ending of the run for each stream, as the fish may have been running for sometime before the 
cannery men were abe to fish the stream and the pack may have been obtained and fishing stopped before the end of the run. 



Waters. 



1904. 



1905. 



Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— began— ended- 



1906. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended- 



Bering Sea. 



Nushagak Bay a . 
Kvichak River.. 
Xaknek River. .. 
Ugaguk River... 
Ugashik River. . . 
Nelson Lagoon. . 



June 25 
July 1 



July 5 
July 31 



June 1 
June 24 



July 28 
July 22 



July 4 



Aug. 1 



June 15 



June 25 
June 24 



July 1 



Southeast Alaska. 
Icy Strait: 

Dundas Bay 

Glacier Bay— Bartlett Bay 

Pleasant Island 

Excursion Inlet 

Port Frederick, Chichagof Island 

Lynn Canal 

Chilkat Inlet and River 

Eagle River 

Tee Harbor 

Lena Cove 

Point Louise. 

Auk Bay June 25 

Chatham Strait: 

Funter Bav, Admiralty Island 

Gut Bav 

Bay of Pillars- 
North Arm, Kuiu Island 

South Arm, Kuiu Island b 

St. Michael Bay— Kuiu Bay, Kuiu Island 

Stephens Passage 

Taku Inlet <■■ 

Port Snettisham d 

Sevmour Canal 



Oct. 



Oct. 8 
Sept. 23 



Sept. 7 



June — 



June 25 
July 1 
July 4 



Sept. 7 
Sept. 15 



Sept. 

...do. 

Aug. 



June 23 
June 13 



July 25 
July 28 



Sept. 1 
Aug. 26 
June 22 



Sept. 1 
Sept. 10 
Oct. 15 



July 10 
Aug. is 



Oct. 15 



June 11 
June 25 
June 23 
June 15 
June 18 
June — 



Aug. 26 
Sept. 5 
Aug. 15 
Sept. 8 



Aug. 4 
Aug. 7 
July 30 
July 25 
July 31 
July - 



Aug. 31 
Sept. 18 
Sept. 5 
Sept. 18 



July 1 
...do... 
June 25 

June 19 
July 20 

July - 



July - 
June 25 
...do... 
...do... 



Sept. 15 
...do.. . 
...do... 



June 26 
June 29 
June 21 



Sept. 22 

Do. 
Sept. 5 



June 21 
Oct. — July 20 



Sept. 16 
Oct. 27 



Sept. 5 
Aug. 1 



Oct. — j July 20 

Sept. 15 

...do.. J 

...do...i 

June — 



Aug. 1 

Aug. — 



a 1900, June 19 to July 1. 
b 1900, July 15 to August 31. 



c 1900, August 15 to September 25. 
a 1900, July 9 to September 24. 



24:4: BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Dog Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska. 1904-1906 — Continued. 

1904. 1905. 1906. 



Fishing Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— began— 



Soulhea^t A la * ):a — C ont inued . 



Fishing ■■ Fishing Fishing 
ended— began— ended— 



Oct. 27 

...do... Julv 23 Aug. 27 
.do... Aug. 30 Sept. 14 



Frederick Sound: 

Security Bay. Kuiu Island July 20 

- _:aw Bay. Kuiu Island Sept. 1 Sept. 20 do... 

Port Camden. Kuiu Island do 

Cleveland Passage July 17 Aug. 27 

Wrangell Strait: 

Petersburg Creek. Mitkof Island Julv 5 Aug. 22 

Blind Point. Mitkof Island July 20 Oct. 27 Aug. 14 Aug. 2S 

Duncan Canal. Kupreanof Island July 9 Aug. 31 

Sumner Strait: 

Calder and Elcopdam Bay. Prince of Wales Island July 27 Aug. 30 

Rocky Pass. Kuiu Island" ? July — | Oct. — 7 

Point Barrie Stream. Kupreanof Island July 7 Aug. 23 

Totem Bay. Kupreanof Island Aug. 17 Do. 

Red Bay. Kupreanof Island July 1 Aug. 31 

Stikine River July 4 Aug. 4 

Zimovia Strait : Thorns (Old Village l Stream. Wrangell Island Aug. 1 Sept. 3 

Clarence Strait: 

a boa :»n Bav. Prince of "Wales Island June 15 Sept. 4 

E - r".r Creek. Prince of Wales Island Sept. 14 Sept. 27 do... Sept. 6 

Whale Passage. Prince of Wales Island July 1 Sept. 1 do... Sept. 10 

Lake Bay. Prince of Wales Island Aug. 15 Sept. 15 do... Sept. 4 

Coffman'Cove, Prince of Wales Island do . . . Do. 

Rocky Bay. Etolin Island - do. . . Do. 

Ratz Harbor. Prince of Wales Island do.. . Do. 

Ernest Sound — 

Union Bay. Cleveland Peninsula . . 
Vixen Point. Cleveland Peninsula. 
Menefee Inlet. Etolin Island. 



Julv 17 Aug. 14 
Aug. 8 Aug. 26 



July 25 Aug. 



Point Warde. Cleveland Peninsula June 2. July 2S 

Anon Creek, Cleveland Peninsula June 15 Sep't. 4 

DorisBav(?< Sept. Sept. 8 

Middle Arm (? Sept. 11 Sept. 16 

Sunny Point (?) Sept. 10 Do. 

Mevers Stream. Cleveland Peninsula Aug. 1 Sept. 3 

do... Sept. 4 



Aug. 2S Sept. 3 
...do... Do. 

Aug. 1 Sept. 5 

Aug-' 4* Aug. 29 



Thome Bay. Prince of Wales Island 

Kasaan Bay— 

Karta Bay. Prince of Wales Island 

Twelvemiie Arm— Kina Stream. Prince of Wales Island 
Skowl Arm, Prince of Wales Island 

Behm Canal- 
Yes Bay. Cleveland Peninsula a 

I nuk River 

Checats Stream & 

Tongass Narrows— 

Ward Cove. Revillagigedo Island July 23 Sept. 6 

Ketchikan Creel--. Revillagigedo Island Aug. 20 Sept. 5 

Cholmondelev Sound Aug. 1 Nov. 1 Aug. 5 Nov. 7 July 30 Oct. 30 

Dora Bav, Prince of Wales Island Aug. 3 Oct. 24 

Peter Johnson Stream (Dolomi. Prince of Wales Island June 30 &ept. 14 

Moira Sound— T , „ _ 

North Arm. Prince of Wales Island July 13 Sept. S 

South Arm. rVnTSL'-Vi 

K^g-an Stream, Prince of Wales Island Ju'F H ^ept. 6 

Old Johnson Stream, Prince of Wales Island July 13 bept. 3 

Nichols Passage— . _ . _ __ 

Blank Inlet. Gravina Island Aug. 2 Aug. 29 

Tain. Annette Island A 1 -?- ■ > e P r - J 

Tamgass Harbor. Annette Island -_>■?- \ Aug. £ 

Nadzaeer. Annette Island ^pt. ' Sept. 12 

Revillagigedo Channel: _ _ _. 

George Inlet. Revillagigedo Island July J f^Pj- _J 

Nan6y Haines <? Sept. 14 Sept. 9 

Duke Island Au %- u Au ?- 18 



a 1897, July 17 to August 7: 1899, July 14 to September 13: 1900. July 21 to September 17. b 1897. July 23 to August 2. 

29. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha AYalbaum . Chinook Salmon; King Salmon; Quinnat Salmon. 

PI. xxix and xxx. 

The chinook salmon is called king salmon or spring salmon in Alaska: spring or chinook salmon on 
Fraser River and Puget Sound: chinook, royal chinook, quinnat. or Columbia River salmon on the Colum- 
bia River, and Sacramento salmon in California. Where the Chinook jargon is spoken it is the tyee, 
which means kin?. Among the Russians it is called tschaxitchc or tschawytscha. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 245 

This is a salmon of wide distribution. It occurs on both coasts of the Pacific from Monterey Bay and 
China north into the Arctic Ocean, ascending all large streams. The most southern point on the Califor- 
nia coast for which we have definite records is Monterey Bay, but its southern range doubtless extends 
somewhat farther down the coast. There is a record, on what authority we do not know, of its occurrence 
in the Ventura River, 300 miles south of San Francisco. However that may be, this important salmon is 
not uncommon in Monterey Bay, where considerable numbers are caught in spring and summer by 
trolling. In the Sacramento and Columbia rivers it is the principal salmon, far outnumbering all 
other species. It occurs in some numbers in other streams of Oregon and Washington, and is not uncom- 
mon in Puget Sound. It runs somewhat sparingly in the larger streams of British Columbia and 
Southeast Alaska, particularly the Fraser, Skena, Nass, Stikine, and Taku. 

Throughout Southeast Alaska the king salmon is probably not uncommon, although the catch has not 
been considerable until recently. It is said that this fish can be taken by trolling any month in the year 
about Admiralty Island, particularly in the vicinity of Killisnoo. In 1905 and again in 1906 it was par- 
ticularly common about Ketchikan and in Tongass Narrows, where it was taken in seines. It is also taken 
near Chilkat and Chilkoot. Usually the king salmon make their appearance at the time of the run of the 
herring, upon which they largely feed, and they follow up the smelt also, being found wherever that 
species occurs in numbers. The principal river in Southeast Alaska into which the king salmon run is the 
Taku, and the salmon taken in the various places mentioned above probably enter that stream for spawn- 
ing purposes. 

In 1906, from July 15 to 20, 100 king salmon were taken in gill-nets operated by an Indian in the 
vicinity of Burroughs Bay. They were all very large, some of them reaching a weight of 89 pounds. It 
is said they can be taken in that locality as early as May 15. Usually the Wrangell cannery counts on 
getting 4,000 to 8.000 king salmon from the Stikine River each year. 

In 1897, 350 king salmon averaging 16 pounds each were salted at Killisnoo. 

In Copper River, which flows into Prince William Sound, and the larger streams tributary to Cook 
Inlet, there is a considerable run of king salmon. They are said not to run in Alitak Bay, on Kodiak 
Island. They are, however, taken at Karluk. and other places on Kodiak Island and also on Afognak 
Island and the islands of the Alaskan Peninsula, though at no place in any abundance. In Nelson 
Lagoon, in 1906, those first caught were taken June 15. They continued to run until July 18, July 1 to 18 
being the height of the season. The fish caught there ran 15 to the barrel. 

In the Ugashik River, in 1906, those first caught were taken June 4. The king, red, and dog usually 
come together. The run of that season , as for five seasons past, was poor. 

The king salmon occurs, though not abundantly, in the Nushagak River. In 1906 it was first seen 
on June 7, and the run for the year was greater than usual and the fish were larger. Small king salmon 
are here sometimes put up under coho labels. They also occur in considerable numbers in the Yukon. 
Important fisheries supplying the local demand are operated at Dawson, Eagle City, and Rampart. 
Rampart is 900 miles above the mouth of the Yukon, and the run was on at that place September 10. 
Several were taken, each weighing 20 pounds or more. They were full of spawn. 

Late in July king salmon have become common in the upper Yukon beyond the boundary, being 
found in the middle and lower waters a month earlier. During the summer of 1897 a number of fishermen 
employed gill-nets at Dawson, Northwest Territory, readily taking king salmon of large size. Many 
fish were found weighing 40 pounds and over, and the prices received for them were so high as to make 
the business quite profitable. This point is 1,300 miles from the sea. They are said to run up the 
river at least as far as Caribou Crossing, 2,000 miles from the sea. Mr. Hess found them in China Slough 
of the Tanana for seven to nine days toward the end of July and in the Tanana itself for three weeks. 
On July 14, 1904, he observed the first king salmon at the Central Telegraph Station on Goodpaster 
River, 63 miles below its head. They are said to go 25 miles farther up this stream and to be very 
abundant later in the season. Xelson says (1887) : 

This species is taken along the shores of Norton Sound immediately after the ice disappears in 
spring, my earliest date being June 6, 1877. On the lower Yukon, up, at least, to Anvik, the largest 
of these salmon run during the few days just preceding and following the breaking up of the ice and 
thence on to the end of the season they decrease gradually in size and quality. * * * At Anvik 
they begin running about the 12th of June and the season is virtually over by the middle of July. 1 was 
told that one example was taken at Anvik that weighed 140 pounds and that they sometimes weigh a 
third more than that. 



246 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Mi. Nelson does not regard this information as reliable. Mr. V. L. Derby in a letter dated 
January 19. 1907. reports that -a few king salmon rounded Point Barrow and entered the lagoons at 
Pan:ne'ek. the shooting station, in the spring of 1906. The natives caught a few in the fall of 1905 
and summer of 1906." 

One was seen by us at the cannery at Wrangell July 13. among many hundred humpbacks. A few 
were seen in the Taku Inlet cannery July 14. Two (1 male and 1 female i were examined at Pyramid 
Harbor. July L5. The male was 2S inches long and weighed 8 pounds; the female was 40.5 inches 
long and weighed 28 pounds. 

A female seen at the Dundas Bay cannery July 24 was 34 inches long and weighed 17 pounds. 
The esirs of this fish were very immature. King salmon weighing 35 to 40 pounds were caught in 
sea-ouer nets off Montague Island in December, 1894, and January, 1895. 

Mr. Rutter saw one at Karluk that was 50 inches long and weighed 60.5 pounds. A female 2 feet 
9 inches long, weighing 13 pounds and nearly ripe, was seined at Karluk August 4. Mr. A. B. Alexander 
saw one in 1888 in Nushagak that weighed 85 pounds. On July 18. 1900, Mr. Kutchin saw one at 
Kasilof which weighed 77 pounds. 

Dr. Tarleton H. Bean says in "The Alaskan Salmon and Their Allies:" 

Individuals weighing over 100 pounds are on record. At St. Paul, Kodiak, Mr. B. G. Mclntyre 
weighed one which registered 87.5 pounds without its vicera, and the entire fish must have exceeded 100 
pounds. Capt. William Kohl has recently told me that he once obtained reliable information in 
Cook Inlet of a salmon weighing about 140 pounds, and individuals of equal size are reported in the 
Yukon. 

Mr. John X. Cobb has a record of one weighing 77 and two others each of 75 pounds, taken by trolling 
near Ketchikan in 1905. and one of 47 pounds taken at Juneau in 1906. He gives also the following 
information regarding fish from Bristol Bay: 

Weight and Measurements of 51 King Salmon Examined at Three Bristol Bay Localities 

in 1906. 



Locality and date. 



Koggiung (July 12) 

Nushagak River (Julv 19). 
Wood River (July 19) 



Num- 
ber ex- 
amined. 



Sex. 



Length. 



Weight. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Average. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Total 
num- 
ber ex- 



Average. & -— 



Average. Average 
length. weight. 







Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Pounds. 




Inches. 


Pounds. 


r is 

l 28 


? 


43 
45 


33.00 
26.50 


39.722 
38.598 


34 
39 


14.0 

7.5 


25.516 1 
25.285 / 


46 | 


39.260 


25.369 


2 


j 


38 


34.00 


36.000 


21 


14.0 


17.500 1 


2 ! 


36.000 


17.500 


3 


3 


34 


29.75 


31.666 


15 i 


10.0 


12.333 | 


3 


31.666 


12.333 



Bean c'1882; records this salmon from Kasilof River, Cook Inlet, and from the Yukon. 
Gilbert says (1895) that at Departure Bay, May 10-13, 1890, young individuals were feeding on 
the herring (C. pallasii) and a number were taken on the trolling line. He says further: 

Ai (Tnalaska, May 24-27, 1890, the run had hardly begun, though a few individuals were seen. A 
small pond near the stream which flows into the head of Captains Harbor was full of young salmon of 
thi- species, from 2 to 5 inches long, which took the fly greedily. June 3, at the mounth of the Nushagak 
River. Bristol Boy. an occasional individual was taken. A small run had come into the river a short 
time before our visit. On June 16 they were running abundantly at Unalaska, but they were not seen 
on later visits at this point or at Port Moller. It is worthy of note that their period of greatest abun- 
dance coincided in time with that of the herring, and their approach to the coast may be determined by 
tie- movements of the latter. Their annual appearance in large numbers in Monterey Bay, California, 
seems to be dependent on the run of anchovies. 

The following notes have boon furnished by Mr. John X. Cobb: 

Considerable numbers are taken on hand-lines bated with herring on the herring grounds on the 
northern Bide of Kuiu Ishind. It is said that young king salmon 10 to 12 inches long can be taken in 
October on hand-lines from the wharves at Killisnoo. The Indians take large numbers of small kings 
in Florence Bay. A few are taken in gill-nets (9.5 inch mesh) at Orca, where they are packed with 
tlu- r<d salmon. A few are obtained each year in the Copper River delta, where the run begins about 
May (I 

King salmon are found in many of the rivers of Alaska during the breeding season, being most abun- 
dant, ao far as known, in the Qnuk, Stikine, Taku, Nushagak, Kviehak. and Ugashik. The rest of the 
year they are found scattered pretty much all over the Btraits, sounds, and bays of Southeast Alaska, 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 247 

and it is possible they might be found in other portions of Alaska at this season were they to be fished 
for. At this time they are feeding upon the herring, and, in Southeast Alaska, are especially abundant 
in the vicinity of Point Comano on Cleveland Peninsula, and in Seymour Canal, Taku Inlet, and Gas- 
tineau Channel. It is said that there was a run of king salmon in Snug Harbor, Tenakee Inlet, in the 
fall of 1905 and the spring of 1906, which was the first seen there for several years. 

The season of 1905 witnessed the inception of a new branch of the salmon industry. About the 
middle of January king salmon were observed in the vicinity of Ketchikan, but it was not until January 
23 that the first fish was brought to that place. News of a large run of fish having spread, there were 
soon a number of whites and Indians out in canoes catching the kings, which they located by watching 
the gulls, which would gather over the herring schools upon which the kings were feeding. As the 
herring were in shoal water, nets could be used in but few places, so trolling lines were brought into 
use. At first herring bait was employed, but it was soon discovered that a nickel trolling spoon would 
answer the purpose just as well. The vicinity of Point Comano and Point Stewart seemed to be favorite 
resorts for the fish, but they were to be found almost everywhere within a radius of 50 miles from 
Ketchikan. Several firms in Ketchikan early saw the possibilities of the business and soon had out 
steamers and launches collecting the fish from the fishing boats. Upon reaching Ketchikan they were 
packed in ice and shipped to Puget Sound ports. The fish averaged 25 pounds in weight. One was 
caught which weighed 77 pounds, while several were brought in which weighed 75 pounds each. 
About 25 per cent of the catch consisted of white-meated fish and 75 per cent of red-meated. For the 
former the fishermen were paid 25 cents each and for the latter 50 cents each. During the run, which 
lasted until May 18th, 271,644 pounds, valued at $15,600, were shipped. A considerable quantity was 
also cured by the Indians for their own use, while some were consumed locally by the whites. 

The Ketchikan dealers state that the king salmon were very delicate and would not stand such 
handling as a red salmon will, and at first many of them had to be classed as second-grade fish on 
account of being bruised in killing by the Indians. 

For years the Indians have been catching kings in winter for their own consumption. In 1905 
the run was unusually large. It was much smaller in 1906, in the vicinity of Ketchikan, at least. 

The preparation of mild-cured king salmon in Alaska has been carried on for some years. Up to 
the year 1906 only spawning fish were so treated, but the big run in the neighborhood of Ketchikan 
during the winter of 1905 attracted the attention of Puget Sound salters, and this year there were a 
number of plants in operation, some of which handled the feeding fish. In May and June the Juneau 
and Douglas dealers paid 75 cents each for all red-meated kings weighing over 17 pounds, 35 cents for 
all under 17 pounds, and 20 cents for white-meated kings of any weight. These dealers estimated 
that there were about 7 white-meated kings to every 100 red-meated fish. The largest king handled 
at Juneau weighed 47 pounds, while by far the greater part ran over 17 pounds in weight. Tierces 
holding 800 pounds were used and about 50 fish were required to fill a tierce. In curing, the head 
was taken off and the entrails removed. The fish was then split down the middle and the backbone 
taken out, thus leaving the fish in two halves. After the blood vessels were scraped out the fish were 
put into ice water for about thirty minutes and then salted down in the tierces with fine (dairy) salt. 

The number of king salmon required to the case (of 48 one-pound cans) varies somewhat, as shown 
by the following figures: Oca, 4.2 fish to the case; Dundas Bay, 4.5; Pyramid Harbor, 3.5; Taku, 2.8; 
Nushagak, 3; Kvichak River, 2.7; Naknek River, 5; Yes Bay, 2.5; Cook Inlet, 3.5; Kenai, 2.7; Kas- 
ilof, 3; Odiak, 4.5. Of the places mentioned, the largest fish appear to come to the Yes Bay cannery 
and the smallest to Naknek River. Too much credence, however, should not be given these figures. 

A very curious and interesting fact has been noticed regarding the color of the flesh of the king 
salmon. In some individuals the flesh is red, in others white. In Columbia River fish it is usually 
that rich red or salmon color which is so highly prized, although even in that river a certain percent- 
age of the fish are white-meated. In Alaska apparently a somewhat larger percentage are white- 
meated. Of 3,232 cases put up at Pyramid Harbor, 977 were white; of 4,375 cases at Taku, 1,225 were 
white or pink. These figures indicate that about 42 per cent of Alaska king. salmon are white-meated. 
This, of course, keeps the commercial value of the fish from being what it otherwise would be. 

As already stated, the king salmon of Southeast Alaska are taken chiefly by trolling. Considerable 
numbers, however, are taken in gillnets at Port Snettisham, Wrangell Narrows, Point Highfield, Pyramid 
Harbor, Taku, Kenai, Kasilof, and elsewhere. The gillnets used in this fishery are usually 9.5-inch 
mesh. In some places it is 8.5, 9, or 9.25. The nets vary from 50 to 250 fathoms long and from 20 
to 30 meshes deep. 

The king salmon is the least abundant of the five species found in Alaska. Commercially it ranks 
as the least important. The catch of 1906 was 267,387 fish, and the pack 60,357 cases valued at about 
$223,286. 

The future development of the king salmon fishery in Alaska will be in the large streams to the north- 
ward, particularly in those tributary to Bering Sea. It is probable that methods of conducting the 
fishery will be developed which will, in spite of the short season and other unfavorable conditions, per- 
mit large catches to be made in such streams as the Yukon and Kuskokwim. 



248 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for King Salmon at Various Fishing 

Stations in Alaska, 1904-1906. 

Note. — The fact that the name of a river is given does not mean that fishing is carried on in the river itself; in many 
instances the fishing station is in the vicinity of the stream and its name has been employed in order more clearly to 
identify the stream. The dates given do not necessarily mean the beginning and ending of the run for each stream, a s the 
fish ma'y have been running for sometime before the cannery men were able to fish the stream and the pack may have 
been obtained and fishing stopped before the end of the run. 





1904. 1905. 


1906. 


Waters. 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended — 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Bering Sea. 
Xushagak Bay a 


June S 
June 12 
June 21 
June 22 
June 26 


Aug. 3 ; June 1 
June 27 June 15 
Aug. 3 June 13 


July 1 
June 20 
Aug. 2 
July 30 

July 28 


June 5 


Aug. 3 






June 20 
June 21 
June 18 
June 16 
June 15 


Aug. 7 

July 31 

Do. 




Aug. 2 
Aug. 1 


June 14 
June 13 




Ugaguk River 


July 25 












Julv 24 


Central Alaska. 


June 8 
June 6 
May 27 

July 2 
do ... 


Aug. 8 
July 15 
Aug. 4 

Julv 30 
. .do. 










June 6 
May 25 


July 14 
July 13 


June 2 
June 3 


Julv 7 


Cook Inlet (Kasilof ) / 


Aug. 13 


Prince William Sound: 




Biilvs Hole 










....do... 


....do... 


! 




Evak Lake and River 








Mav 12 
do... 

....do... 


Julv 30 






May 15 July 25 


Do. 


Pete Dahl Slough 


May 6 


July 15 


Do. 


! 


....do... 


Julv 12 


Ca stle Slough ! 






....do... 


Do. 


Peter Walhalla Slough 


May 6 
....do... 
do... 


June 30 
.. do... 




....do... 


Do. 


G. Stevens Slough 

Ma rtin River 




....do... 


Do. 


July 10 




....do... 


Do. 


Little River 




.. do. 


July 1 






May 6 

. do. . 


Julv 25 
do. 




....do... 


July 12 


Big Bar 


















May 12 
July 1 

June 26 
....do... 


June 30 


Chilkat River 


June 1 


July 10 






July 28 


Southeast Alaska. 






Sept, 18 
Sept. 22 




June 15 
June 20 
June 4 
May 20 


Sept. 15 
Sept. 17 
Julv 20 
Sept. 7 
















Chilkat Inlet and River h 


June 27 


July 15 


June 29 


Sept. 22 






May 15 
Mav 8 
May 15 


Sept. 15 
June 20 
Sept. 15 






Auk Bay 


May 6 


Sept. 7 












Chatham Strait: Fi inter Bav, Admiralty Tslanri. .. 


June 1 
Mav 14 
May 6 
July 4 


Sept. 15 
. .do... 


June 20 


Julv IS 




...do. 


June 30 
....do... 




Taku Inlet i 






Port Snettisham 


Aug. 4 


....do... 


....do... 






Se vmour Canal 






July — 


Oct. — 


Wrangell Strait: Petersburg Creek, Mitkof Island 






June 29 
May 17 


Sept. 16 
July 27 




Stikine River i 






May 26 

June 22 

June 27 
July 2 


June 19 


Clarence Strait: 

Eagle Creek, Prince of Wales Island 


July 5 


Sept. 4 


Julv 22 


Ernest Sound- 
Point Warde, Cleveland Peninsula 






Julv 2S 


Anan Creek, Cleveland Peninsula 










Julv 23 








Apr. 13 


Apr. 18 






























a 1900, 
f>1900, 
cl900, 
dl900, 
«1900, 
/1896, 
91890, 
1895, May 
ft 1898, 

H896, 

'••1892, 



June 12 to July 22. 

June 23 to Julv 25. 

June 18 to July 25. 

June 18 to June 29 

June 5 to June 28. 

Mav 25 to June 25; 1897, May 26 to July 27; 1900, June 1 to July 10. 

Mav 5 to June 30; 1891, April 27 to June 30: 1892, cannerv closed; 1893, May 2 to June 30; 1894, May 11 to June 30; 

15 to June 29; 1896, May 15 to June 30; 1897, May 10 to June 30. 

June 10 to July 10. 

May 25 to June 25; 1897, May 28 to June 28; 1900, May 8 to June 26. 

May 15 to June 22; 1897, May 15 to June 22; 1900, March 14 to June 28. 

July 15 to September 1. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



249 



30. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Silver Salmon; Coho. (PI. xxxi and xxxn.) 

The coho is common in Southeast Alaska and as far north at least as Karluk. It also occurs in Bristol 
Bay and probably in the Yukon. Nelson (1887) records it from St. Michael and Norton Sound, where 
he says the run in the streams begins about September 1. The first examples seen by us were caught 
June 19, by trolling in the outer harbor at Nanaimo. After that date the fish was seen at most of the 
canneries visited, being in greatest abundance, however, at those canneries visited late in August. 

Dr. Gilbert, speaking of this species at Unalaska, says: 

Two young were seined at Unalaska, June 16, 1890, the smaller of which, 190 mm. long, shows 
very conspicuous parr-marks. These have disappeared in the larger specimen, 225 mm. long, which 
has also assumed more the proportions and appearance of the adult. In this specimen the spots are 
more distinct than in the adult, being large, well defined, and close-set on head, back and dorsal fin, 
and the caudal fin is very indistinctly marked, the faint spots being confined to the outer rays of both 
lobes. It is a male with the testes so well developed as to make it very probable that it would have 
sought the spawning-grounds within a few months. Three smaller specimens were taken in Herendeen 
Bay July 5. The smallest of these is 145 mm., the largest 185 mm. long. The distal half of the dorsal 
fin is black with the exception of the last two rays, which are entirely white. 

Mr. Rutter found the young common in sloughs along the edge of Karluk River near its source 
May 22. Forty-one specimens taken on that date were each about 1.25 inches long, 16 others were 2.8 
to 6 inches long. He gives the life color of a 6-inch specimen taken from the ocean June 18 as follows: 

Back olive brown thickly spotted with black; dorsal dusky except that the last ray is pale; tip 
of caudal dusky ; the dusky portion greater on lobes ; a specimen photographed to-day has distinct parr- 
marks; pectoral yellowish; caudal also yellowish by transmitted light; iris somewhat golden. 

Under normal conditions the coho is the last salmon to appear, the run in Southeast Alaska usually 
not beginning until after all the other species have gone. 

The run of cohos at Nushagak is usually not large during the canning season, but is said to be 
larger later in the year. In Nelson Lagoon (Bristol Bay) there is a run in August, too late to be utilized 
by the canneries. There is said to be a good run in Bear River (Bristol Bay) in July and August. The 
species seems to be fairly abundant among the Aleutian Islands, as evidenced by the fact that, in Sep- 
tember, 1906, a Japanese vessel secured 1,500 fish about Attu Island; and it is stated that other vessels 
secured about the same number earlier in the season. At Alitak (Kodiak Island) the run begins about 
the latter part of August; it is chiefly in Silver Salmon Bay. The species occurs also at Yakutat. At 
Dundas Bay the first coho seen in 1906 appeared on July 1. 

In size, the coho ranks third among the Pacific salmon. The following table gives the lengths 
and weights of 556 individuals, representing 11 different localities. The longest fish was 33 inches in 
total length, the shortest, 20.75 inches; the heaviest weighed 15 pounds, the lightest, 3 pounds. The 
average length of the males (235) was 28.29 inches, of the females (321), 27.53 inches. The average 
weight of the males was 9.03 pounds, of the females, 8.86 pounds. 

Lengths and Weights op Coho Salmon. 



Locality. 



Nichols Bay 

Hessa Inlet 

Home Bay, Klawak 

Shipley Bay 

Hunter Bay (Nutkwa 
Stream) 

Yakutat .-.. 

Pillar Bay 

Nanaimo 

Karta Bay 

Dundas Bay 

Chignik Bay 



Num- 
ber 
exam- 
ined. 



Sex. 



Length. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Inches. 
31.75 
30.75 
33.00 
30.50 
30.50 
29.75 
31.00 
29.75 
30.50 
29.50 
30.00 
29.00 
33.00 
29.00 
22.50 
26.50 



Mini- 
mum. 



Inches. 
26.50 
24.50 
26.00 
20.75 
25.50 
24.25 
24.25 
22.75 
24.00 
23.25 
23.00 
24.00 
27.00 
26.75 
21.50 
26. 50 



Average. 



Inches. 
29.14 
28.29 
29.59 
27.99 
28.64 
27.58 
27.84 
26.82 
27.67 
26.54 
26.56 
27.50 
29.75 
27.58 
22.00 
26.50 
27.17 
27.25 
29.63 
28.50 



Weight. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Lbs. 
14.00 
12.25 
14.00 
12.00 
15.00 
11.50 
13.00 
11.00 
12.00 
11.50 
12.00 
11.00 
11.75 
8.25 
4.25 
7.00 



Mini- 
mum. 



Lbs. 
6.00 
5.00 
7.50 
4.00 
6.00 
4.00 
6.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
4.00 
6.00 
8.25 
7.00 
3.00 
7.00 



Average. 



Lbs. 

10.71 
9.55 

10.97 
9.85 
9.95 
8.70 
8.35 
7.66 
9.11 
8.31 
7.88 
8.67 
9.62 
7.58 
3.63 
7.00 
8.00 
8.50 

12.50 

10.00 



Total 
num- 
ber 
exam- 
ined. 



104 
100 
100 
105 
100 
22 



Average 
length. 



Inches. 
28.50 

28.69 

27.95 

27.34 

27.10 

26.81 

28.82 



27.13 
29.06 



Average 
weight. 



Lbs. 



9.84 
10.34 
9.14 
8.02 
8.71 
8.09 
8.75 



8.13 
11.25 



250 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



As a food fish the coho occupies a high rank. The flesh is less firm than that of the red salmon and 
the scales fall off more readily when the fish is handled; and the flesh is rather pale in color, not pos- 
sessing the deep red hue of the red salmon and the choice chinook. The flavor of the flesh, however, 
is excellent, and only the pale color keeps it from ranking with the best. The canners usually pay to 
the fishermen the same price for the cohos that they pay for reds. 

The coho is canned as ••coho ? ' or '•medium red." The first of these names is entirely proper and 
appropriate, as is also the second, unless possibly it might be objected to as suggesting that the contents 
of the can is really the red or sockeye salmon of a color somewhat less red than usual. To the trade, 
however, these two names have come to have a definite and well-understood meaning. They are not, 
so far as we are informed, ever applied to any other species, and we regard them as wholly satisfactory 
trade names. 

Commercially the coho is at present, next to the king, the least important of the 5 species found in 
Alaska. In 1906 the total catch was 984,804 fish, yielding 113,054 cases, valued at $392,251. 

The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Coho Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906. 

Note. — The fact that the name of a river is given does not necessarily mean that fishing is carried on in the river 
itself; in many instances the fishing station is in the vicinity of the stream and its name has been used in order to locate 
the stream more clearly. The dates given do not necessarily mean the beginning and ending of the run for each stream, 
as the fish may have been running for some time before the cannery men -were able to fish the stream and the pack may 
have been obtained and fishing stopped before the end of the season" 



Waters. 



1900. 



1904. 



1905. 



1906. 



Fishing 
began— 



Fishing 
ended— 



Fishing 
began— 



Fishing 
ended — 



Fishing Fishing 
began — ended— 



Fishing 
began— 



Fishing 
ended— 



Bering Sea. 



Nushagak Bay. 
Kvichak River.. 
Naknek River.. 
Ugaguk River.. 
Ugagshik River. 



June 21 
July 20 



Central Alaska. 



Chignik Lagoon and River. 
Kodiak Island: 

Karluk 

AlitakBay 

Cook Inlet (Kasilof) 

Prince William Sound b 



July 24 
July 25 



June 25 
July 27 



Aug. 
Aug. 



July 10 
June 17 



Aug. 3 ' Aug. 12 
Aug. 25 : Sept. 21 
July""!' Aug'.'io" 



Aug. 21 
Aug. 27 
May 27 



Sept. 30 
Sept. 3 
Aug. 4 



Southeast Alaska. 



Yakutat Bay 

Situk River 

Ankau River 

Ankau Slough 

Ahrnklin River 

Ahrnklin Slough 

Lituya Bay 

Surge Bay, Yakobi Island 

Takanis Bay, Yakobi Island 

Cape Edward, off Chicagof Island 

Portlock Harbor, Chicagof Island 

Cross Sound : Taylor Bay 

Lisianski Strait 

Kochtakeine (?) 

Porcupine (?) 

Icy Strait: 

Dundas Bay 

Glacier Bay— Bartlett Bay 

Pleasant Island 

Excursion Inlet 

Port Frederick, Chichagof Island. 
Lynn Canal 

Chilkoot Inlet and River 

Chilkat Inlet and River 

Eagle River 

Lena Cove 

Point Louise 

Auk Bay 



Aug. 29 
....do... 

Aug. 30 
Aug. 27 
Aug. 30 



Aug. 29 
Oct. 2 

Sept. 29 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 3 



June 15 



July 22 
Aug. 22 



Aug. 20 



Aug. 27 
Aug. 29 
Aug. 21 
Aug. 27 
Sept. 14 
Aug. 16 
Julv 25 
Julv 29 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 27 



July 30 Julv 11 
July 28 

(a) 

(«) 

July 26 i 



Sept. 25 Aug. 13 
Aug. 27 Aug. 7 
July 16 



Aug. 6 
Aug. 13 



Sept. 27 
Sept. 29 
Sept. 14 
Sept. 27 
Sept. 26 
Aug. 16 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 27 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 27 



Aug. 13 
Aug. 27 



.do... Sept. 13 

Sept. 30 Aug. 26 Sept. 11 

.*... June 15 , Oct. 8 June 22 Sept. 9 



Aug. 4 

(*) 

(a) 



Sept. 12 
Sept. 2 
Aug. 13 



Sept. 25 

Do. 
Sept. 15 
Sept. 13 



Aug. 11 
Do. 

Aug. 25 

July 31 



Sept. 3 Sept. 3 



Aug. 22 

Aug. 14 
Sept. 1 





July 
Aug. 


25 

11 


Aug. 


25 


July 31 



June 25 
June 20 
Aug. 23 



Oct. 8 
Sept. 17 
Sept. 23 



Aug. 20 Sept. 15 

Julv 15 do... 

July 1 Sept. 15 

do do... 

Aug. 15 do.. . 



Sept. 5 
Aug. 28 
July 6 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 5 
Julv 27 



June 29 
July 4 



Sept. 17 
Sept. 19 
Sept. 13 
Sept. 20 
Sept. 5 
Sept. 23 

Sept. 22 
Sept. 5 



a Run too late. 



& 1891, August 4 to September 14. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



251 



The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Coho Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906 — Continued. 



Waters. 



1900. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended- 



1904. 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— 



1905. 



1906. 



Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— began— ended— 



Aug. 14 



Aug. 14 



Southeast Alaska — Continued. 

Chatham Strait: 

Funter Bay, Admiralty Island 

Freshwater Bay, Chichagof Island. 

Basket Bay, Chichagof Island i 

Bay of Pillars 

North Arm, Kuiu Island 

South Arm, Kuiu Island ,. | Aug. 15 

Tebenkof Bay — Kuiu Bay, Kuiu Island. ! 

Stephens Passage ! 

Taku Inlet Aug. 1 

Port Snettisham .' 

Seymour Canal 

Frederick Sound: 

Saginaw Bay, Kuiu Island 

Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island 

Portage Bay, Kupreanof Island I 

Cleveland Passage 

Keku Strait 

Wrangell Strait: 

Petersburg Creek, Mitkof Island 

Blind Point, Mitkof Island 

Duncan Canal, Kupreanof Island 

Sea Otter Sound: 

Tuxekan, Prince of Wales Island 

Tokheni Stream, Kosciusco Island 

Iphigenia Bay: Warm Chuck, Heceta 

Island 

Tonowek Bay: 

Sarkar, Prince of Wales Island 

Nahakay. Prince of Wales Island 

Gulf of Esquibel: Shineha Creek, Prince of 

Wales Island (?) 

San Alberti Bay: 

Stayne Chuck, Prince of Wales Is- 
land (?) 

Klawak Inlet, Prince of Wales Island . . 
Soda Harbor, Prince of Wales Island . . 

Big Harbor, Prince of Wales Island 

Cordova Bay: 

Sukkwan, Prince of Wales Island 

Hetta, Prince of Wales Island 

Nutkeva Inlet, Prince of Wales Island. 
Hunter Bay, Prince of Wales Island . . . 
Sumner Strait: 

Shipley Bay, Kosciusko Island 

Seclusion Harbor, Kuiu Island 

Rocky Pass, Kuiu Island (?) 

Point Barrie Stream, Kupreanof Island. 

Totem Bay, Kupreanof Island 

Red Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Blind Slough, Mitkof Island 

Stikine River 

Zimovia Strait: 

■Olive Bay, Etolin Island 

Thorns (old viliage) Stream, Wrangell 

Island *. 

Clarence Strait: 

Salmon Bay, Prince of Wales Island. . . 
Eagle Creek, Prince of Wales Island . . . 
Whale Passage, Prince of Wales Island. 

Lake Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Coffman Cove, Prince of Wales Island. . 
Valdemar Bay, Prince of Wales Island . 
Steamer Bay, Prince of Wales Island. . 

Rocky Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Ratz Harbor, Prince of Wales Island . . 
Ernest Sound — 

Union Bay, Cleveland Peninsula . . . 
Vixen Point, Cleveland Peninsula.. 

Etolin Cove, Etolin Island 

Menefee Inlet, Etolin Island 

Santa Anna Bay, Cleveland Penin- 
sula 

Anan Creek, Cleveland Peninsula.. 

Doris Bay (?) 

Middle Arm (?) 

Midway Cove (?) 

Sunny Point (?) 



June 
July 
July 



Sept. 15 
Aug. — 
Aug. — 



July 11 



Sept. 16 July 4 



Nov. — 

bct."""i 



Aug. 28 



July 25 



Sept. 15 
Sept." "i 



Aug. 30 



Aug. 30 
Aug. 15 
...do... 
...do.., 



Oct. 1 

I Aug. 15 

....do... 

Sept. 30 ....do... 

Sept. 15 

...do. ..I 

...do...] 

July — 



Aug. 29 
Aug. 8 



Sept. 3 
Aug. 8 



Aug. 23 



Oct. 2 



July 29 
July "28 



Sept. 16 
Sept." 17 



Aug. 23 

Aug. 5 
July 1 
Aug. 8 



Oct. 2 

Sept. 9 
Oct. 15 
Sept. 9 



July 17 



Sept. 16 



Sept. 1 
July 15 



Sept. 11 
Sept. 24 



Sept. 15 
Aug. 29 
July 10 



Aug. 1 
Aug. 14 
July 27 



Aug. 25 J Sept. 1 



Sept. 5 



Sept. 20 
Sept. 15 
Sept. 20 



Sept. 



Aug. 27 



Sept. 13 
Sept. 10 
Aug. 25 



Sept. 15 

Sept. 14 , Aug. 21 ; Sept. 3 



Sept. 16 



Aug. 28 
Aug. 29 

Sept. 19 



Sept. 24 



Sept. 1 
Aug. 26 
Sept. < 6 
Aug. 31 

Aug. 27 
Aug. 27 
Sept. 1 
Aug. 1 

Aug. 13 

Sept. 12 
Aug. 28 
Aug. 3 
Aug. 12 
Aug. 25 
Sept. 1 



Oct. 8 
...do... 
Sept. 24 
Sept. 23 

Sept. 27 
Sept. 24 
Sept. 21 
Aug. 25 

Sept. 1 
Sept. 18 
Sept. 15 
Aug. 24 
Sept. 6 
Aug. 28 
Sept. 1 



Aug. 17 
Aug. 24 



Sept. 13 
Sept. 14 



Aug. 22 



Sept. 14 



Sept. 1 
....do... 
...do.., 

....do.., 



Sept. 1 
Sept. 5 

Sept. 19 



Sept. 26 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 



Aug. 29 
Aug." 17 



Sept. 14 
Sept.'ii 



Sept. 1 
Aug. 23 
Aug. 5 
Aug. 25 
Aug. 7 



Sept. 8 
Oct. 2 
Aug. 28 
Aug. 25 
Sept. 7 



July 29 
Aug. 25 



Sept. 6 
Sept. 5 



Aug. 21 ! Sept. 3 



Sept. 30 
Aug. 23 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 31 



Aug. 10 
July 30 
Aug. 17 
Aug. 4 



Aug. 5 



Sept. 12 



July 29 
Aug. 18 



Sept. 15 
Sept. 4 



Aug. 25 



Sept. 15 



July 1 

do.., 

....do... 
June 25 



Sept. 8 
Sept. 27 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 1 



July 30 

Aug. 10 

Aug. 1 

July 1 
....do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 



Sept. 9 
Aug. 12 
Aug. 1 



Sept. 9 
Aug. 21 
Sept. 10 



Aug. 8 



Aug. 8 



Aug. 7 
June 25 

Sept. 2 



Sept. 8 July 1 
Sept. 1 do.. 



Sept. 4 



July 1 



Sept, 1 



July 17 
Aug. 8 
Aug. 25 
July 25 

Aug. 27 
July 1 
Sept. 6 
Sept. 11 
Aug. 14 
Sept. 10 



Aug. 4 

Aug. 30 

Sept. 3 

Sept. 4 
Sept. 6 
Sept. 10 
Sept. 4 
Do. 



Do. 
Do. 

Aug. 14 

Aug. 26 
Aug. 30 
Aug. 5 

Aug. 27 
Sept. 4 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 16 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 16 



252 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The Beginning- and Ending of Commercial Fishixg for Coho Salmox at Various Fishixg 
Statioxs ix Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906 — Continued. 



1900. 



"Waters. 



1904. 



1905. 



1906. 



Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— j began— ended— began— ended— 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— 



Aug. 30 Sept. 20 



July 15 Sept. 



Sept. 3 



Soutfieast Alaska— Continued. 

Clarence Strait— Continued. 

Meyers Stream. Cleveland Peninsula. . 
Thome Bay, Prince of Wales Island. . 
Kasaan Bay— 

Karta Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Skowl Arm, Prince of "Wales Island 
Behm Canal — 

Nana Stream, Revillagigedo Island 

Yes Bar. Cleveland Peninsula Aug. 11 Sept. 1 

Checats Stream July 26 Sept. 7 

Smeaton Bay Sept. 

Tongass Narrows — Ward Cove, Revil- 
lagigedo Island July 13 Sept. 7 

Cholmondeley Sound ' Aug. 5 

Dora Bay. Prince of Wales Island Aug. 3 

Peter Johnson Stream (Dolorni) . Prince 

of Wales Island July 28 Sept. 1 ' July 16 Sept. 15 

Moira Sound — 

North Arm. Prince of Wales Island | ■■ 

Shalclair, Prince of Wales Island ! 

Browns, Prince of Wales Island ' 

South Arm — 

Keegan stream, Prince of "Wales 

Island Aug. 4 

Old Johnson Stream, Prince of j 

Wales Island 

Nichols Passage — 

Gravina Bay, Gravina Island.. 

Bostwiek Inlet. Gravina Island 

Hemlock Island, off Annette Island. Aug. 26 

Tain, Annette Island Aug. 4 

Tamgas Harbor, Annette Island Sept. 4 Sept. 4 Aug. 

Nadyaeer, Annette Island ■ 

Revillagigedo Channel: 

George Inlet, Revillagigedo Island July 25 Sept. 6 July 7 Sept. 5 

Hassler Harbor, Annette Island Aug. 28 Sept. 3 

Nancv Haines (?) >. 

Duke*Island Aug. 10 Sept. 10 

Kan Shakes Cove 

Foggy Bay Sept. 1 Sept. 3 



%.l 



Aug. 15 
Aug. 4 



Sept. 3 

Sept. 4 

Sept. 3 

Sept. 6 



Aug. 20 Sept. 15 



Nov. 7 
Sept. 5 

July 19 Sept. 8 



Aug. 19 
Aug. 25 
Aug. 12 



Sept. 12 
Sept. 8 
do... 



Julv 23 Sept. 6 

Julv 30 Oct. 30 

July 31 Sept. 15 

June 30 Sept. 14 

July 13 Sept. 8 



Sept. 



S.ug. 11 Sept. 9 



July 11 
July 13 



Aug. 22 
Sept. 3 



Sept. 1 ■ ; 

Sept. 7 

Sept. 9 

Sept. 2 Aug. 3 Sept. 
Sept. 13 Aug. 12 Sept. 



Sept. 6 
Sept. 3 



Aug. 8 Sept. 15 

Julv 24 Aug. 29 

Sept. 7 Sept. 8 

July 6 Sept. 1 



Aug. 7 Sept. 1 



Sept. 14 Sept. 19 
Aug. 8 Aug. 31 
July 24 ; Aug. 23 



31. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbauni) Red Salmon; Redfish; Sockeye; Blueback Salmon. 

(PI. XXXIII — XXXVI.) 

This species also is of wide distribution. On the American coast its range extends from southern 
Oregon to Bering Sea. The most southern stream from which it has been reported is the Sacramento, 
from which it was recorded by Dr. Jordan in 1880, but it is not known whether he actually examined 
a specimen. In 1899 Mr. F. M. Chamberlain, of the Bureau of Fisheries, identified a single specimen 
which he obtained at Baird as belonging to this species. During the very extended study of the sal- 
mon of the Sacramento River by Mr. Rutter, no examples were seen by him. It is certain, therefore, 
that if this species of salmon occurs in the Sacramento River at all it is very rare. 

The fishermen on the coast of Humboldt County, Cal., obtain a salmon which they call blueback or 
sockeye. The statistical report shows that the catch in 1899 was 21,600 pounds, and that of 1904 was 
272,840 pounds. Whether these fish are really the blueback. or red, salmon is questionable. Eel River, 
Humboldt County, is the stream on which this fishery is located, and it has never been known as a 
blueback salmon stream. It is not known to have any lakes in its headwaters to which this species 
could resort for spawning purposes. Whether the blueback salmon occurs in it or not, therefore, must 
be regarded as a subject for future investigation. The same may be said regarding the Klamath River. 

The Columbia is the most southern river in which this species is known to run in any numbers. For- 
merly, and up perhaps to about 1890, there was a considerable run in the Columbia, and important 
spawning beds existed in the headwaters of that river, particularly at Wallowa Lake in Oregon and the 
Payette lakes and the Sawtooth lakes in Idaho. A few bluebacks are seen at each of these lakes each 
season now. but they are only a pitiful remnant of the great schools that formerly came to them at spawn- 
ing time. North of the Columbia the next blueback salmon stream is the Quiniault on the coast of 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 253 

Washington. At one time this was said to be an excellent blueback stream, able to supply to the In- 
dians of the Quiniault Reservation a large part of their food. It is said that there is still a small run 
here. There is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. 

Of the streams tributary to Puget Sound the only ones in which the sockeye, as this salmon is usually 
called in that region, is known to run are the Lake Washington system of lakes, the Skagit and, pos- 
sibly, the Snohomish, the Stillaguamish, and the Nooksak. The only one of these, however, in which 
there is any considerable run is the Skagit, which the fish ascend to reach Baker Lake for spawning 
purposes. Doubtless the greatest of all the sockeye streams is the Fraser River. Ever since the 
early days of the salmon canning industry on our western coast the Fraser has been famous for the enor- 
mous runs of sockeyes which ascend that great river to the lakes at its headwaters. 

Going northward from the Fraser we find several streams in British Columbia in which the sockeyes 
run in considerable numbers. The principal of these are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Naas, Lowe JLnlet, 
Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, and Alberni Canal. It is by far 
the most abundant and most important salmon in British Columbia waters. In Alaska, where it is 
known as the redfish, red salmon, or sockeye, it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all 
suitable streams. In Southeast Alaska the following are the most important red salmon streams: Naha, 
Boca de Quadra, Yes Bay, Nowiskay, Keegan, Peter Johnson, Klawak, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, 
Chilkat, Taku, Chilkoot, Karta, Thorne Bay, Stikine, etc.; in Central Alaska, Alsek, Copper, Afognak, 
Karluk, Alitak, Chignik, Knik, and Sushitna; in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Naknek, 
Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. The red salmon is said to ascend the Yukon, at least to Caribou 
Crossing, but we have seen no specimens from that river and do not know whether there is any con- 
siderable run in it. Nor do we know whether the species occurs in the Kuskokwim, the Kobuk, or any 
stream north of the Nushagak. On the Asiatic side the red salmon is known to occur at Bering Island 
and in all suitable streams south to Japan. 

This species of salmon is peculiar in that it rarely or never ascends a stream that has not one or 
more lakes at its headwaters. Its spawning beds are invariably in small streams tributary to lakes 
or, rarely, in the lakes themselves. No red salmon is known to have spawned in any stream not con- 
nected with a lake. Some have been seen occasionally in the lower part of a stream which had no 
lake in its course, but it is believed such individuals soon discovered their mistake and promptly 
returned downstream in search of the proper water. The only instances of this kind which have 
come under the personal observation of the senior author are the following: In August, 1903, while 
at Sitka, he saw a red salmon speared by an Indian in Indian River near the bridge, which, however, 
is only a short distance above the mouth of the stream; it is understood there is no lake in this stream. 
The other case is that of Gold Fork, a tributary of Payette River, Idaho. While at Payette Lake in 
September, 1894, he learned, on what he believes to be entirely trustworthy evidence, that red salmon 
are sometimes seen in the mouth of that stream, but that they soon return and ascend the main fork 
of the Payette, which comes from Big Payette Lake, in whose inlet there were formerly important 
spawning beds. The origin and significance of this peculiar habit are not known. The problem is 
one worthy of investigation. 

The red salmon is the neatest and most symmetrical of the salmon. In the sea, or when fresh 
run, it is clear sky blue on the back and upper part of the sides, shading to clean silvery white below 
and on belly. Soon after entering the river for the purpose of spawning, the color of the head changes 
to a rich olive, the back and sides to crimson and finally to a dark blood red, richest in the males, and 
the belly a dirty white. Some of the scales become dark edged and the middle of the side shows the 
darkest red, but unevenly. At the same time the flesh becomes spongy, the scales embedded, the 
back somewhat humped, and the jaws hooked and otherwise distorted. 

The run of the red salmon in Alaska begins usually in June; in Bering Sea and Central Alaska 
early in June or even in May, while in Southeast Alaska it is one to three weeks later. The earliest 
recorded date we have is May 6, for Eyak and the Copper River region. In Bering Sea the run is 
usually over by the end of July, in Central Alaska and Prince William Sound by the end of August, 
and in Southeast Alaska by the 10th of September or earlier. The period of the run of red salmon in 
different parts of Alaska, so far as the records show it, is given in the table on page 254. 



254 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The Beginning and Ending of Commercial Fishing for Red Salmon at Various Fishing 

Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906. 

Note.— The fact that the name of a river is given does not necessarily mean that fishing is carried on in the river itself; 
in many instances the fishing station is in the vicinity of the stream anditsnamehas been used inorderto locate the station 
more clearly. The dates given do not necessarily mean the beginning and ending of tne run for each stream, as the fish may 
have been running for some time before the cannerymen were able to fish the stream and the pack may have been secured 
and fishing stopped before the end of the run. 



1900. 



1904. 



190.: 



1906. 



Waters. 



Fishing Fishing 
began — ended— 



Fishing 
began— 



Fishing Fishing ; Fishing 
ended — ; began— j ended— 



Fishing Fishing 
began— ended— 



Bering Sea. 



Xushagak Bay. . . 

Igushik River. 

Wood River. . 

Kviehak River 

Xaknek River 

Ugaguk River 

Ugashik River 

Nelsons Lagoon . . 



June 20 Julv 25 



June 23 
June 18 
July 1 
June 21 



Central Alaska. 



Chignik Lagoon and River . 
Kodiak Island: 

Karluk 

Red River 

Little River 

AlitakBay 

Koshuak 

Uganik River 

Waterfalls 

South End 

Cook Inlet (Kasilof) 

Prince William Sound: a 

Chenega Stream 

Billys Hole 

Miners River 

Ishman River 

Eyak Lake and River 

Mountain Slough 

Copper River 

Pete Dahl Slough 

Gus Wilson Slough 

Castle Slough 

Peter Walhalla Slough. 

G. Stevens Slough 

Martin River 

Little River 

Italian Flats 

Big Bar 

Snag Point 

Chilkat River 



June 



Aug. 1 
Julv 28 
July 25 
July 29 



June 8 
June 28 
Julv 1 
June 21 
June 22 
June 25 
June 26 



Aug. 4 
Julv 28 
July 31 
Aug. 5 
Aug. 2 
July 25 
Aug. 1 



June 5 

June 21 



Aug. 19 June 8 



June 4 Sept. 21 ' June 6 

June 1 

June 8 Aug. 13 May 30 

June 15 

May 30 

June 5 



Aug. 14 

Sept. 30 
Julv 27 
Julv 24 
Sept. 3 
June 17 
Aug. 3 



June 13 
June 14 
June 23 
June 13 



June 10 

June 5 
May 29 
Mav 27 
June 18 



Aug. 2 Aug. 10 

Aug. 10 ! May 27 Aug. 4 

j July 2 I July 30 

... .do. ..... .do... 

do do.. . 



June 12 
July 7 



Julv 28 
July 14 



Aug. 2 
Julv 30 
Julv 25 
July 28 



Aug. 13 

Sept. 25 
Julv 17 
Julv 19 
Aug. 21 



July 
Aug. 



May 28 j July 13 



May 6 July 18 



May 6 j July 3 



May 6 July 12 

do.. . June 30 

do.. J do.. . 

....do..'. Julv 10 



Ma 



6 j Julv 25 



Southeast A lasJca. 



Yakutat Bay 

Situk River 

Ankau River 

Ankau Slough 

Ahrnklin Ri ver 

Lituya Bay 

Surge Bay* Yakobi Island 

Takanis Bay, Yakobi Island 

Cape Edward, off Chicagof Island. 
Portlock Harbor, Chicagof Island. 

Redoubt Bay, Baranof Island 

Neeker Bay/Baranof Island 

Redfish Bay, Baranof Island 

Cross Sound : 

Cape Spencer 

Taylor Bay 

Lisianski Strait 

James Bay (?) 

Kochtakeinp (?) 

Porcupine (?) 

Icy Strait: 

Dundas Bay 

Glacier Bay— Bartlett Bay 

Pleasant, Island 

Lynn Canal 

Chilkoot Inlet and River 

Chilkat Inlet and River 



June 25 



July 12 
July 25 



Aug. 7 



Aug. 22 
Sept. 1 



l,.ri."3.: 

June i July i6 



June 15 

July 5 

Julv 10 

July 6 



June 22 



Julv 30 
Aug. 2 
Aug. 1 
Aug. 17 



Julv 27 
June 10 



Aug. 2 
July 28 



May 15 , July 25 



May 15 , July 25 



June 22 



June 22 
July" 20 " 



Aug. 12 



June 22 



June 15 
June 25 
Julv 10 
June 24 



Aug. 24 



Aug. 24 



Aug. 24 



Aug. 20 



June 7 
June 20 
June 12 
June 21 
Aug. 16 
June 20 
...do... 
...do... 



July 15 



Aug. 9 
July 26 
Aug. 4 
July 5 
Aug. 16 
Aug. 29 

do.. . 

July 29 



June 5 
June 16 
June 22 
June 20 
June 21 
June 15 
June 18 
June 15 



June 7 

June 15 
June 7 
June 8 
July 3 



June 16 
July 13 



June 3 

July 20 

July — 
July — 



Mav 12 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 



May 12 
...do... 
...do... 



Mav 12 
July 1 



June 12 
June 1 
June 20 
June 18 
June 4 



Aug. 10 



June 26 
...do... 
July 4 
Aug. 25 



Aug. 24 i June 21 

! Julv 28 

| July 27 

June 20 
June 25 



Aug. 25 



June 20 
June 21 
June 22 



Aug. 27 
Aug. 3 
July 29 
Aug. 13 



June 15 
....do... 

June 30 
July 25 
do.. . 



Aug. 3 
Julv 30 
Sept. 15 



Oct. 8 

...do.. 

Sept. 17 Julv 15 Aug. 15 

Sept. 23 June 27 Sept. 15 



June 26 
July 9 

June 26 
June 28 
J"uly 1 
June 29 
....do... 



Aug. 4 
Julv 20 
July 27 
Aug. 7 
Julv 31 
Julv 25 
Julv 31 
Julv 24 



Aug. 14 

Sept. 13 
Julv 15 

Julv 7 
Sept. 4 

Julv 17 
Aug. 27 

Aug. 13 

Aug. 20 
Aug. — 
Aug. — 

Julv 30 

bo. 

June 30 

Do. 
July 12 



Do. 
Aug. 1 
July 12 

June 30 
July 28 



June 26 
Aug. 8 
Julv 31 
Aug. 9 
Do. 

Aug. 11 
July 22 
Julv 11 
Aug. 25 

Julv 25 
Aug. 10 

Julv 2 
Aug. 28 
July 31 



Aug. 
July 



Julv 30 
Julv 31 
Aug. 23 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 10 



a 1891, June 16 to July 13. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



255 



The Beginning and Ending op Commercial Fishing for Red Salmon at Various Fishing 
Stations in Alaska, 1900 and 1904-1906 — Continued. 





1900. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


Waters. 

• 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended — 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing 
ended— 


Southeast A laska— Continued. 

Lynn Canal— Continued. 

Eagle River 










July 1 . 


Sept. 15 


June 21 


Sept. 5 


Tee Harbor. 






July 1 


Sept. 7 








July 1 
...do.. . 


Sept.. 15 
do... 
























June 25 

June 1 
June 22 
...do... 


Sept. 7 

Sept. 15 

Aug. 25 

do... 


....do... 
June 19 


Aug. 25 
Sept. 16 






Chatham Strait: 






June 21 


Do. 


Basket Bay, Chichagof Island 








Sitkoh Bav, Chichagof Island 














Peril Strait 






July - 


Aug. — 










Red Bluff Bay, Baranof Island 






July 10 
June 30 

July 10 

June 15 
July 1 

do.. . 


Aug. 10 
do... 


June 20 
do.. . 


Aug. 30 
Do. 


Gut Bav, Baranof Island 






July 1 
July 9 

June 19 

June 25 

July 1 
July 4 

Sept. 1 


Aug. 25 

Aug. 10 

July 25 
Sept. 7 

do. . 


Bay of Pillars— South Arm, Kuiu 


June 25 


Aug. 7 


Aug. 20 

Aug. 1 

Aug. 25 

do.. . 


June 25 
June 10 


Do 


Tebenkof Bay: 


July 20 


Kuiu Bay, Kuiu Island 






Stephens Passage: 
Taku Inlet. . 


June 20 
July 9 


Aug. 12 
July 27 






Port Snettisham 


Aug. 4 
Sept. 1 


...do... 


.do... 






Frederick Sound: 

Portage Bay, Kupreanof Island 










Cleveland Passage 










July 17 

July 3 
July 2 


Aug. 27 

Aug. 4 
Aug. 11 


Wrangell Strait: Petersburg Creek,Mitkof 






June 29 
July 5 

July 12 
July 9 

June 7 


Aug. 4 
Aug. 26 

Aug. 1 
Sept. 1 

Sept. 20 


June 26 
June 27 

July 12 
July 8 

June 13 

July 6 

June 14 
Aug. 29 

June 14 
July 12 
July 10 
July 20 
July 10 


Aug. 9 

Aug. 17 

July 30 
Aug. 31 

Aug. 22 
Aug. 17 

Aug. 23 
Sept. 11 

Sept. 9 
Aug. 20 

....do... 

....do... 


Duncan Canal, Kupreanof Island 






Sea Otter Sound: Tokhini Stream, Kosci- 






Iphigenia Bay: Warm Chuck, Heceta Island 
Tonowek Bay: 

Sarkar, Prince of Wales Island 

Nahakay, Prince of Wales Island 






July 14 
June 15 

June 20 


Aug. 22 
Aug. 4 


June 19 


Aug 4 


San Alberti Bay: 

Klawak Inlet, Prince of Wales Island. . 
Soda Harbor, Prince of Wales Island . . 


June 17 


Aug. 24 


June 14 


Aug. 25 


Aug. 29 


Cordova Bay: 

Hetta, Prince of Wales Island 


June 17 


Aug. 23 


June 14 
July 13 
...do.. . 


Sept. 10 

do... 

do... 


June 20 


Sept. 3 


Klakas Inlet, Prince of Wales Island... 


Hunter Bay, Prince of Wales Island . . . 






July 3 


Aug. 13 


Hessa Inlet, Prince of Wales Island 






Aug. 15 
July 13 

July 4 

Julv 28 
June 26 
June 27 
Aug. 28 
Sept. 1 


....do... 
....do... 

Aug. 25 

Sept. 28 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 19 
Aug. 28 
Sept. 1 


Nichols Bay, Prince of Wales Island 






....do... 


July 13 
July 8 


Aug. 5 
July 31 


Sumner Strait: 

Shipley Bay, Kosciusko Island 


June 27 


Aug. 14 


Calder and Elcopdam Bay, Prince of 
Wales Island 






Point Barrie Stream, Kupreanof Island. 






June 27 
....do... 


Aug. 25 
Aug. 22 


July 1 
June 29 


Aug. 23 


Red Bay, Prince of Wales Island 

Totem Bav, Prince of Wales Island 


July 5 


Aug. 5 


Aug. 31 


Blind Slough, Mitkof Island 














Stikine River 






June 22 


Aug. 24 


July 4 

June 20 

June 15 
June 22 


Aug. 4 


Zimovia Strait: Thorns (old village) Stream, 
Wrangell Island 


June 26 

June 18 


Aug. 1 
July 27 






July 31 


Clarence Strait: 

Salmon Bay. Prince of Wales Island. .. 
Eagle Creek, Prince of Wales Island 


June 27 
July 5 


Aug. 15 
Aug. 30 


June 25 
June 30 
July 1 
....do... 


Sept. 1 

do.. . 

....do... 


Sept. 4 
Do. 


Whale Passage, Prince of Wales Island. 








Lake Bay, Prince of Wales Island. .' 






July 1 

Aug. 12 
July 27 


Aug. 15 
Aug. 14 
Aug. 27 


....do... 


July 1 


Sept. 4 


Valdemar Bay, Prince of Wales Island. 








Rockv Bay, Etolin Island 






July 19 


Aug. 18 


July 1 
July 30 


Do. 


Ratz Harbor, Prince of Wales Island . . 






Aug. 11 


Ernest Sound- 
Union Bay, Cleveland Peninsula . .. 






Sept. 8 


Sept. 8 


















July 27 
July 2 
July 17 
Aug. 1 

June 13 

June 18 
....do... 

July 23 


July 28 












July 1 


Sept. 1 


July 23 












Sept. 3 


Thome Bav, Prince of Wales Island. . . 














Sept. 4 


Kasaan Bay — 

Karta Bay, Prince of Wales Island. 
Twelvemile Arm, Kina Stream, 


June 19 


Aug. 20 


July 9 


July 17 






Aug. 17 






Do. 












Aug. — 


Sept. — 


Sept. 5 


Behm Canal- 










July 29 








July 1 

July 16 
Aug. 15 
July 11 


Sept. 21 
Aug. 19 
Aug. 22 
Aug. 17 








Yes Bay, Cleveland Peninsula 


July 14 


Sept. 17 






July 20 


Aug. 20 








Checats stream 


Julv i.3 


Aug. 15 






July 17 


Aug. 3 



256 



BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 



The Beginning axd Exdixg of Commercial Fishixg for Red Salmox at Various Fishixg 
Stations ix Alaska. 1900 axd 1904-1906— Continued. 





1900. 


1904. 1905. 1906. 


^ aters. 


Fishing 
began— 

....do... 


Fishing 
ended — 


Fishing 
began— 


Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing 
ended— began— ended— began— ended— 


Southeast A Jaska — Continued. 

Clarence Strait — Continued. 

Tongass Narrows— Ward Cove. Revil- 
lagieedo Island 


Aug. 23 


Aug. 5 

Julv 26 
July 9 

July 13 

Julv 14 


Aug. 11 
Aug. 7 
Aug. 20 

Sept. 13 

Aug. 22 






Julv 23 


fiPTlt fi 


Cholmondelev Sound 


Aug. 5 
July 11 

....do... 

....do... 
Julv 19 
July 29 

July 11 


Sept. 1 
do.. . 

Sept. 2 

Sept. 7 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 16 

Sept. 7 




Dora Bay. Prince of "Wales Island. . 

Peter Johnson Stream (Dolomi) . Prince 

of Wales Island 

Moira Sound — 

North Arm. Prince of Wales Island. 
Shalclair, Prince of Wales Island.. . 


July 7 


Sept. 1 


July 11 
June 30 

July 13 


Sept. 6 

Do. 
Sept. 8 


Browns, Prince of Wales Island 











South Arm — 

Kegan Stream, Prince of Wales 
Island 






July 12 
....do... 


Sept. 2 
do... 


Julv 11 


Sept. 6 
Sept. 3 


Nowiskay Stream, Prince of 
Wales Island 








Old Johnson Stream, Prince of 
Wales Island 






July 13 

Sept. 3 

Julv 15 
July 16 

Julv 7 
Aug. 14 


do . 






July 13 


Nichols Passage— 

Bostwick Inlet, Gravina Island 






Sept. 7 
Sept. 9 
Aug. 31 

Sept. 5 
Aug. 21 




Tain, Annette Island 






July 11 Aug. 28 
do do. . . 


July 11 
July 10 

July 6 


Aug. 31 
Aug. 21 

Sept. 1 


Tamgas Harbor, Annette Island 

Revillagigedo Channel: 

George Inlet, Revillagigedo Island 


July 7 
July S 


Sept. 1 
Aug. 1 


Carroll Inlet, Revillagigedo Island 




Tborne Arm, Revillagigedo Island 










Aug. 24 


Aug. 24 


Hassler Harbor, Annette Island 






Aug. 28 
Julv 16 
July 9 


Sept. 3 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 27 












July 12 


Sept. 1 do 


Aug. 31 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 23 


Boca de Quadra 


Julv 12 
July 10 


Aug. 31 
Aug. 15 




....do... 
July 24 


Kah Shakes Cove 













Although the red salmon run is somewhat later than that of the king, the two species are sometimes 
found together. Writing of his observations in 1890. Dr. Gilbert says: 

It appeared constantly associated with the king salmon. It was taken by trolling in Departure 
Bay. Vancouver Island. May 10 to 13; was seined in small numbers at I nalaska May 24 to 27. and was 
abundant there June 16. It had not begun to run at Xushagak June 3. but the young with parr marks 
still evident, ranging in size from 95 to 115 mm. . were very abundant. These were doubtless descending 
the rivers to the sea and were probably about 20 months old. On July 5. young averaging slightly 
larger than the above were taken in salt water at Herendeen Bay. Alaskan Peninsula. These ranged 
from 120 to 130 mm. in total length. The color is deeper and less silvery than in the Xushagak examples 
and the parr marks have almost wholly disappeared. 

The beginning of the run in any given stream is fairly constant, the variation being within narrow 
limits. The duration of the run is for a shorter period in the northern region than it is farther south. 
In Bristol Bay and Central Alaska it lasts only six weeks or less, while in Southeast Alaska it continues 
about two months. 

The number of red salmon running in any given stream is constant from year to year only within 
rather wide limits. It is believed by most fishermen and canners that every fourth year any given 
stream is apt to have a larger run than in any of the three other years of the series. In a general way 
this belief seems to be borne out by statistics; when specific cases are examined, however, the rule 
appears of doubtful application. For example, the catch of red salmon in the Ugashik River for the 
last six years has been as follows: 769,002 fish in 1901; 1,640,973 in 1902; 1,703,536 in 1903; 564,492 in 
1904; 432,779 in 1905; and 152.140 in 1906. As the run was large in 1902 it should have been large in 
1906, but it was the smallest ever known. Judging from the run of 1903, that for 1907 ought to be a 
large one. Information regarding it will be awaited with interest. 

In Xushagak Bay and Wood River the run was very large in 1905, four traps in Wood River furnishing 
over 800.000 fish, while many thousands more were turned loose. In 1906 these same traps produced 
only about 200.000 fish, and three additional traps operated in the suae region produced about 100,000 
more, giving a total for Wood River for 1906 of about 300,000 as against more than 800,000 for 1905. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 257 

Although the price of red salmon was higher in 1906 than in 1905. and every effort was made to secure 
a large pack in the Bristol Bay region, the total number of red salmon cases fell 120,000 short of the 
pack of 1905. There are. however, so many factors entering into the conditions which determine the 
size of the pack in Bristol Bay that it is not safe to make any positive statement as to whether the catch 
has reached its limit. As has been said by Jordan and E vermann. "A wise administration of the fisheries 
will permit the taking of the largest number of fish compatible with the maintenance of the supply, 
and will permit their capture by the cheapest method which is not wasteful." But when it becomes 
apparent that the run is decreasing and that the fishery is permanently impaired, the catch should in 
some way be limited and ample opportunity be given to rehabilitate the fishery. 

In size the red salmon ranks third among the five Pacific species of the genus. During the recent 
investigations a total of 1,390 red salmon from as many different places as possible were measured and 
weighed. The results, which are given in detail in the accompanying table, may be summarized as 
follows: For the males — Maximum length, 32 inches; minimum. 15.5: average, 27.81. Maximum 
weight, 11 pounds; minimum, 1.75; average. 7.43. For the females — Maximum length, 30 inches: 
minimum, 20.25; average. 24.87. Maximum weight. 11 pounds; minimum. 2; average, 5.78. For 
both males and females — Average length. 26.36 inches; average weight, 6.57 pounds. It is therefore 
safe to say that the red salmon of Alaska averages a trifle more than 6.5 pounds in weight. 

At Chignik Bay is occasionally taken a small red salmon locally known as the ' ' Arctic salmon-" which 
is considerably smaller than the average for that region. On August 9, 1903, the senior author found 
and examined at the two canneries on Chignik Bay 13 examples of this fish, 12 of the 13 being males. 
The maximum and minimum lengths of the males were 19.38 and 15.86 inches, and the average 17.35; 
extreme weight 2.71 and 1.71 pounds, average 2.2 pounds. The single female was 22.63 inches long 
and weighed 4.63 pounds. These fish are not a different species, but evidently merely precocious indi- 
viduals such as are found among the chinook salmon on the Columbia River, where mature small males 
are not infrequent. The fact that all but one of these so-called "Arctic salmon 12 ' were males shows them 
to be dwarfs of the same character. The opinion of local fishermen that this small salmon is peculiar 
to Chignik Bay is not borne out by the facts, as similar small fish were seen at Alitak, Karluk, and other 
places. 

In various small lakes in Idaho, Oregon. Washington, and British Columbia is found a dwarf form of 
the Alaska red salmon known variously as small redfish, little redfish. Kennerly's salmon, or walla. 
The list of lakes in which this fish is known to occur is as follows: Alturas. Petti! . Redfish and Big Pay- 
ette lakes in Idaho; Wallowa Lake in Oregon; Washington, Sammamish, Ozette, and possibly, Amer- 
ican and Chelan lakes in Washington; Chiloweyuck. Xicola, Francois, Fraser. Okanagan. and Kootenai 
lakes in British Columbia. And recently during the investigations conducted by Mr. Chamberlain in 
the vicinity of Loring, Alaska, 2 or 3 examples of the little redfish were found in Patching Lake. This is 
a small lake in the Xaha basin. In its outlet is a falls which fish from the sea can not ascend. Redfish 
fry from the Fortmann Hatchery had been planted in the lake, and it can not, therefore, be definitely 
known whether this specimen was one of the planted fish, dwarfed by the unfavorable environment. 
or one of a native race or form long landlocked in the lake. 

The so-called little redfish does not appear to differ structurally from the larger form. It is mature, 
however, both males and females, at a length of a foot or less, and, like the ordinary red salmon, spawns 
only once, after which it dies. Recent observations by the senior author, and consideration of all the 
known facts concerning these little redfish, convince him that they do not come up from the sea, but are 
landlocked in the lakes in which they occur. 

Xext to the humpback the red is the most abundant salmon in Alaska — indeed, it is probable that, 
during the last 20 years, it has been no less numerous than the humpback. Commercially it is by far 
the most valuable salmon in Alaska. The total catch of 1906 was 19.536.761 fish, representing 1.540,856 
cases, valued at S5, 720. 291. The total number of salmon of all species handled in Alaska in 1906 was 
31,756,335, representing 2,341,587 cases, valued at S8. 152.665. From these figures it is seen that the red 
salmon constitute more than 61 per cent of the catch, 65 per cent of the pack, and 70 per cent of the 
value. And in every year previous to 1906 the red salmon constituted even a larger proportion of the 
entire catch, as the utilization of the cheaper species has developed only within recent years. 

B. B. F. 190&— 17 



258 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIEr 
Lengths and Weights of Red Salmon. 



Localitv and date. 



Fish 
exam- 
ined. 



3 



Maxi- Mini 



Weight. 



mum. 



Total 
fish 

Mku " \verase Maxi " Mici " \veraee exam " 
mum. -^^rage. mum mum> Average. ^^ 



Average Average 
length. ■weight. 



Xushagak •' 

Koggiung -! 

Wood River 

Ugaguk Eiver •! 

Xaknek River ■! 

Fgashit River <J 

Chignik. Aug. 9 

Karluk, Aug. 15 -j 

Pyramid Harbor, July 15 . . 1 

Klawak. Aug. 25 \ 

Hetta Bay. Aug. 9 

Karta Bav. Julv 10 




Inches. Pounds. 
27.127 

27. 470 

25.97 

-' -• 

27.74 

27.771 

26.83 

24.397 

. - 

24.96 | 

23.60 

27.32 



7.225 

-' 
7.636 
7.63 
7.361 
7.51 
5.08 
7.056 
4.09 
4. S25 
7.000 



32. SaLmo clarkii Richardson. Alaska Cutthroat Trout. PI. iv. fig. 1. and pi. xxxvn. 

In 1881 Dr. Bean recorded this trout as Salmo purpuratus horn. Sitka. St. Paul , Kodiak Island), 
and '•northern Alaska."" Not until the investigations were made on which this report is based had any- 
other specimens been recorded from Alaska or any Alaskan specimens come into the hands of any ichthy- 
ologist. Doubtless anglers and others knew of the presence in Alaska of a species of cutthroat trout. 
Indeed, officers and members of the Chilian staff of the Fisheries steamer Albatross state that they have 
found cutthroat trout at various places in Southeast Alaska and that specimens were forwarded to the 
Bureau. These, however, seem to have been lost en route, as they were never received at "Washington. 

During the recent investigations cutthroat trout were obtained at the following places : San Mateo 
Lake near Union Bay. Vancouver Island | June 22 : lake at Courtney. Union Bay June 22 : Karta Bay 
stream | July 11 ; Pablof Falls. Freshwater Bay July 25 : Silver Bay Creek near Sitka July 29 : Kla- 
wak Creek • August 26 . and Xaha stream near Loring (August 30 . Other specimens were obtained in 
the vicinity of Loring in 1903. and again in 1904 and 1905. and numerous fine specimens were collected 
in Lake McDonald and vicinity by Mr. J. S. Burcham in 1905. 

In all of these places the cutthroat trout was fairly common, apparently most abundant at Loring. 
Lake McDonald, and Klawak. It doubtless occurs in many other streams and lakes in Southeast Alaska. 
Just how far north it extends has not been definitely determined. We did not find it north of Sitka. 
We have a photograph, taken by Mr. R. W. Stone, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and furnished by Mr. 
Frank Hess, also of the Survey, showing a number of trout and salmon caught September 25. 1904. at 
Katatla. Controller Bay. in a stream about one-fourth of a mile from the beach. Among the fish shown 
is one that is evidently a cutthroat or a rainbow trout. 

The following notes were taken on specimens from various places: 

2809, taken with fly by Dr. Evermann in Lake San Mateo. Vancouver Island, a female 
14.5 inches long, weight one pound, not nearly ready to spawn. Color in life, top of head, back and side 
to base of pectoral thickly covered with small, somewhat stellate black spots, those on head and nape 
roundish; cheek with about 7 black spots — 2 or 3 on upper part of opercle; dorsal and caudal with 
numerous oblong black spots; 3 spots on adipose dorsal: anal with black spots less numerous than on 
caudal and dorsal: ventrals pale rosy, the outer ray with a series of small black spots; pectorals pale rosy 
on inner rays, the outer dusky; cheek and opercle with rosy: some rosy on side of lower jaw; belly 
dusky, slightly rosy: throat with a broad, rich red dash on each side; tip of lower jaw black: side silvery 
with bronze wash; the black spots on back and side about evenly distributed, those on caudal peduncle 
_ - . When first taken out of the water the whole fish except belly appeared quite dark. 



Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XV. 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 259 

Another specimen (no. 02810) from the same place, an immature male 9.5 inches long, was similar 
in life color to the one above described, except that there were no spots on ventrals, and cheeks and 
opercles were more spotted, there being 3 or 4 spots on preopercle and the same number on opercle. 

An example (no. 02811), 11 inches long, from Courtney Lake, was a male somewhat more mature 
than no. 02810, and its color was similar, except that the spots on side of head were less numerous, 
being but 4 on upper part of cheek, 2 on preopercle and 4 on upper part of opercle. On no. 02810 the 
spots extended farther down; scales about 165. 

Another example (no. 02812), 6 inches long, from same place, is profusely spotted like the others 
and shows traces of parr marks. The red on throat present, but not distinct. 

A fine 13-inch example, taken July 11 by Lieutenant Mitchell in Karta Bay Stream a short distance 
above the mouth, when fresh was dark olive on back, side silvery, belly white; back and upper four- 
fifths of side profusely covered with small irregular black spots; side of head with a few small round 
black spots; cheek and middle of side with pale rosy wash; throat with light red wash; fins all dark; 
dorsal and caudal with many large black spots; anal a little paler and with fewer spots; ventrals still 
paler, black inside; pectoral dark, with 2 or 3 small black spots. Dorsal 10; anal 12. 

A 9.5-inch specimen (no. 02944), weighing 4 ounces, caught by Dr. Evermann at Pablof Falls, 
July 25, was in life yellowish green on back and upper part of side; middle of side slightly rosy, belly 
silvery; back with close-set small roundish black spots; side with larger black spots; top of head and 
cheek with small round black spots; opercle somewhat rosy; throat rich red. 

Another was silvery, dark, profusely spotted with black, and with the red on throat very distinct. 

Xo. 03021, taken at Klawak, August 26, had the body and head profusely and uniformly covered 
with large, irregular black spots; fins all densely spotted. 

Two 7.5-inch specimens (2 and 2.5 ounces each), taken by Lieutenant Mitchell and Chief Engineer 
Crater at Silver Bay near Sitka, had the spots confined chiefly to back and side above lateral line and 
head; caudal peduncle with more spots; very little red showing on throat of second, none on first; 
side somewhat rosy, cheek also'. It may be that these are young steelheads. 

"We have critically examined more than 30 excellent examples of cutthroat trout from the vicinity 
of Yes Bay and Loring, and many other specimens from those places, Klawak, and elsewhere, in 
Southeast Alaska, have passed through our hands. An example 14.5 inches long from Lake McDonald 
may be regarded as typical: Head 4.4; depth 4.4; eye in head 6.5; snout 3.5; maxillary 1.9, reaching 
slightly past orbit; pectoral 1.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.4; scales about 146. Body robust, 
not greatly compressed, the caudal peduncle stout; head rather long and conic; snout rather long 
and pointed. Entire body covered somewhat profusely with small stellate black spots, less numerous 
on head, where they are more nearly round. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins profusely spotted; pectoral 
with a few spots, ventrals plain; ventrals and anal slightly tipped with yellow; a bright red dash 
on the throat. 

The Alaska cutthroat is close to the Alaska rainbow and may not be always readily distinguished 
from it. W 7 e believe them to be distinct species, however. The cutthroat may be distinguished by 
its red throat, more stellate black spots, longer head, longer maxillary, less brightly tipped ventral and 
anal fins, and smaller scales. The number of scales in the lateral line runs from 140 to 180, while in the 
rainbow it runs from 120 to 140. The cutthroat is not as large as the rainbow, the largest example seen 
by us being only 14.5 inches long. The numerous examples examined range in length from 6 to 14.5 
inches. At Klawak local anglers stated that the cutthroat does not attain as large size as the rainbow 
of the same stream, and this statement was borne out by our own observations at that place; also at 
Loring and Lake McDonald. 

The Alaska cutthroat trout ranks high as a game fish, though not equaling the rainbow. It is a much 
better game fish than the Dolly Varden or salmon trout. It strikes with more vim, fights more viciously, 
di\-es more deeply, ranges more widely, and is much more apt to jump; but when once out of the water 
it is more quiet than the Dolly Warden. It takes the fly readily, but of course the baited hook is more 
attractive. 

Mr. A. B. Alexander and the senior writer of this report visited San Mateo Lake June 22 expressly to 
obtain examples of this trout. At first we rowed about over the lake some time, trying different appar- 
ently likely places with different kinds of flies and, finally, other lures. One slight strike was gotten 
in the upper end of the lake, but no others until we reached a small cove on the south side, where 



260 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Mr. Alexander got a fine 9. 5-inch example at the surface. A little later another fine example was 
hooked at a depth of about 6 feet. It fought very vigorously, usually bearing down very hard, then 
circling about rapidly, leaping slightly, then bearing down again and circling again, and coming along- 
side, and finally breaking away — the penalty we paid for being without a landing net. This fish was 
estimated to be 19 inches long. A few minutes later another was hooked in 4 feet of water, and, though 
given no opportunity to play, showed itself able to make a good fight. Later each of us got one good 
strike, but failed to land the fish. Local anglers call these '" black-speckled trout." 

The examples taken at Pablof Falls had little opportunity to show their fighting power on account 
of the very turbulent water and the vast number of salmon and Dolly Yarden trout which crowded 
upon them. 

Mr. ("'rater reported that the three which he took in Xaha Stream were very satisfactory as game fish. 

As a food-fish the Alaska cutthroat is delicious — far superior to the Dolly A^arden and not inferior 
to the Alaska rainbow. The flesh is firm, flaky, and rich in oil, with a most agreeable flavor. 

This trout inhabits both streams and lakes. At Loring it occurs in both. At Yes Bay the finest 
examples were obtained from the stream between Lake McDonald and the bay. Those from Klawak 
came from the stream below the lake. 

In Alaska this species is usually known as the black-speckled trout, blackspotted trout, or cutthroat. 

33. Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). Steelhead Trout. (PI. xxxvrn.) 

The first records of steelhead trout in Alaska are those by Dr. Bean from Sitka and from St. Paul. 
Kodiak Island (1881), and Mountain Lake near Mount Tongass (1883). 

The species seems to be widely distributed in Alaska, although definite records are not numerous. 
Captain Moser states that it occurs at all seasons at Afognak Island, but in greatest numbers during 
the coho run. It is believed to winter in the lakes and to descend to the sea soon after the 




Fig. 10.— Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) 



streams open in the spring. He further says that steelheads were first noticed in the vicinity of Pyramid 
Harbor in 1900 and that they have not been noted at Chekats. Several specimens were secured at 
Chilkoot Inlet. August 20 to September 8, and an occasional example is seen at Point Highfield. 

On March 26, 1903, two steelheads — the first of the spring run — were caught in a gill net at the 
Fortmann Hatchery. On April 26 two others with shrunken stomachs and well-developed eggs and 
milt were taken at the same place. On May 8 steelheads were spawning in Xaha Stream below Dorr 
Falls. On May 10 about one dozen were observed to be spawning in Steelhead Creek near Loring. 
The temperature of the stream was between 38° and 39°; the surface temperature of Xaha Bay was 
40° to 43°. About all these fish had disappeared by May 17. On May 23 about 30 steelheads (mostly 
spent females) were taken in a seine in Xaha Stream above Dorr Falls. At one haul of the seine in a 
hole below the falls about the same number were taken, among them several ripe males and females. 
On .July 8 several fish believed to be steelheads were seen in the river above the lake. July 26 many 
steelhead fry were seen dying on the sandbars in Karta River, where they were entrapped by the receding 
waters. The same occurrence was observed in Flume Creek near Loring, where, on August 12, 1904, 
Mr. H. C. Fassett picked up 73 steelhead fry from the margin of the pool under the dam built below 
the falls to supply water to the flume. Others were observed at various places in the dry bed of the 
stream where they had been left by receding waters. The next day 87 steelhead fry were collected 
under similar conditions. These fry measured 29 to 36 mm. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 261 

Two adult steelheads were taken in Hot Springs Creek, Bell Island. These with several others 
were in a deep pool where they had been left by- falling water as they were returning from their spawning 
beds in the lake about a mile farther up the stream. Examples are also reported from the Pacific Cold 
Storage Company at Taku Harbor. On August 14 a few were seined at Karluk, where they are reported 
not to be common. May 26 to 30 Mr. Claudius Wallich found them spawning in the stream at the 
head of Lake McDonald. Quite a number were observed. On May 24 to 27, 1904, Mr. F. M. Chamberlain 
found them spawning in Steelhead Creek near Loring, also in Naha River above Dorr Falls. The 
temperature of the water in the creek was 56° to 57°, that of the river being 50°. No steelheads were 
noticed in a small branch of Steelhead Creek, where the temperature was 45.° 

One example (no. 02813; scales about 150), 10 inches long, was caught with hook and line June 22 
in Courtney Lake at Union Bay. A few examples were seen in the cannery at Point Highfield July 13 
and at Taku Harbor July 14. A female 17 inches long and weighing 1 pound 10 ounces was caught at 
Snug Harbor August 6. 

The center of abundance of the steelhead is evidently the Columbia River. Mr. F. M. Warren, sr., 
of Portland, reports that the run in the Columbia, Rogue, and other Oregon rivers was large in 1902 and 
1903. The first spring run in 1903 was about June 20 and continued two days, the fish averaging only 7 
pounds. The fish of the later run (in August) were much larger, averaging about 15 pounds. A few 
may be taken in the Columbia any day in the year. The largest one of which we have a definite record 
was caught at Corbett, on the Columbia River, by Reed Brothers. It was seen by Mr. J. N. Wisner and 
weighed 42 pounds. Reed Brothers state that they often get steelheads of that size. 

On September 11 many steelheads were seen in Mr. Warren's cold-storage plant at Goble, on the 
Columbia. They were then being caught in traps near by. At this time it was difficult to tell males 
from females. A female examined showed the roe to be very immature, indicating that spawning would 
probably not have occurred before February or March. 

One hundred and five examples were measured and weighed. The lengths varied from 31 to 45 
inches and the weights from 10.5 to 32.5 pounds. The average length was 37.03 inches and the average 
weight 18.48 pounds. Several examined at Pyramid Harbor in August were 26 to 32 inches long and 
weighed 9.5 to 13.5 pounds. One taken at Bell Island was 33 inches long and weighed 9 pounds. 

In September and October, 1897, Mr. A. B. Alexander, of this Bureau, examined a large number of 
steelheads at the Cascades and at Celilo, on the Columbia River. Many were seen, September 18 and 
19, ascending the falls. In all 4,179 were examined; of these, 1,531 were males and 2,648 females; 476 
males and 900 females were regarded as well developed and ready to spawn within a month or six weeks. 

This ripening of the steelhead in the fall is probably unusual. All other observations indicate that 
this species is a spring spawner. In the headwaters of Salmon River, in Idaho, it spawns in early spring — 
usually in May and June. In Alaska, so far as known, it spawns early in the spring. 

It is not always easy to distinguish the steelhead from the cutthroat or the rainbow trout ; it is par- 
ticularly difficult, if not impossible, to do so in the fry and fingerling stages. The adult Alaska steel- 
head has larger scales, a shorter head, and a smaller eye than the Alaska cutthroat; it is also less j>ro- 
fusely covered with black spots, the tail is more nearly square, and there is no red on the throat. From 
the Alaska rainbow trout it may usually be distinguished by the smaller eye, somewhat smaller scales, 
less brilliant coloration, and relative absence of black spots except on upper part of side and on dorsal 
and caudal fins. 

The steelhead reaches a much larger size than either the cutthroat or the rainbow. On the Columbia 
it is of much commercial importance. In Alaska it is a valuable food fish, though it is not abundant 
enough to be of as great importance as any of the species of salmon. It lends itself well to the canning 
process and is a nutritious and very palatable article thus prepared. It is, however, most valuable as 
a fresh fish, especially when distant shipments are necessary. There is no member of the salmon family 
which can be handled more satisfactorily in cold storage than the steelhead. Its size, trim shape, firm 
flesh, and superior keeping qualities fit it admirably for treatment in this way. 

34. Salmo irideus (Gibbons). Alaska Rainbow Trout. (PI. xxxix.) 

The rainbow trout has not previously been reported from Alaska, except by Bean in 1881 from 
Sitka, although its presence in Southeast Alaska was known to various officers of the Albatross and local 
anglers. No specimens, however, had been collected or had come into the hands of any naturalist. 



262 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE FISHERIES. 



It was therefore a great pleasure to us to find rainbow trout in at least two of the streams visited in 1903 — 
the Naha Stream at Loring and Klawak River at Klawak. On August 30 Chief Engineer Crater and 
Paymaster McMillan caught 13 fine examples in Naha Stream, the largest about 16 inches long and weigh- 
ing about 2 pounds. On August 26 Dr. Evermann took 2 good ones in Klawak Stream above the 
lagoon. Mr. Thompson, the storekeeper at Klawak, reported that he had recently taken in this stream 
a rainbow trout that was 32 inches long. Mr. H. F. Swift says that he caught one in 1878 which weighed 
8 pounds. He says that he has seen several, each weighing as much as 5 pounds. 

On August 3. 1901. Dr. 0. St. J. Butler and Lieut. Hugh Rodman (both then of the Albatross) caught 
a number of rainbow trout in a stream flowing into Hanas Bay. Chichagof Island, Chatham Strait, 
near Killisnoo. Mr. J. A. Ken", of Seattle, informs us that rainbow trout are abundant in Powell River 
at the upper end of Tuxada Island, where they can be taken from June until late in the fall. About 
the end of August 110 were caught. He says the species occurs also at Thorne Bay. Mr. Chamberlain 
reports them to be common in Xaha Stream near Loring. where he has seen examples 2 feet long. 

During the investigations at Yes Bay in 1905 Mr. Chamberlain and Mr. Burcham found the rainbow 
trout quite abundant, particularly in the outlet of Lake McDonald. On June 9, 1906. Mr. Sidney Paige, 
of the U. S. Geological Survey, forwarded to the Bureau from Knik. Alaska, three small examples of 
rainbow trout which had been taken in Cottonwood Creek. This stream enters Knik Arm near its head, 




Fig. 11.— Salmo irideus (Gibbons). 



which is at the head of Cook Inlet, in north latitude about 61° 30 / . It is more than probable that the 
trout photographed at Katatla by Mr. Stone and already referred to in the discussion of the cutthroat 
trout was a rainbow. 

The above-named localities are, therefore, the only Alaskan localities in which the rainbow trout is 
definitely known to occur. There are no records for the Kodiak region, the Aleutian Islands, or any 
waters in or north of the Alaskan Peninsula. It is quite certain, however, that further investigation 
will demonstrate its presence in many Alaskan streams in which it is not now known to occur. 

Wliether the rainbow trout of Alaska is distinct from typical Salmo irideus (of San Leandro Creek, 
California I we are not prepared to say. and we provisionally identify our specimens with that species, 
reserving a final decision until we have more material for comparison. 

A typical example of the Alaska rainbow is no. A272 (4569), 23 inches long, from Lake McDonald. 
September 7. 1905. It may be described as follows: 

Head 3.8 in length; depth 4.4: eye 6 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 1.5. long and narrow, extending 
far beyond orbit: pectoral 1.6; body considerably compressed; head long, conic; snout long and 
pointed: least depth of caudal peduncle equaling length of snout: tail square, but slightly forked. 

Color in alcohol : Entire body closely covered with very distinct small black spots, quite as numerous 
below lateral line as above; head with relatively few roundish black spots, about 20 or 25 on cheek and 
opercle; fins all black spotted, the spots less numerous on pectorals and ventrals; ventrals. anal, and 
dorsal tipped with yellowish; middle of side and cheek with a broad rosy band; no red on throat; 
scales 134. 

An example 10 inches long from Cottonwood Creek, Knik Arm, is described as follows: 

Head 4.5 in length; depth 4.3; eye 4.75 in head; snout 4.75; maxillary 1.9; scales about 120. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 263 

Body compressed ; caudal peduncle deep ; head rather short ; maxillary extending scarcely beyond 
eye; teeth fairly strong on maxillary, premaxillaries, palatines, vomer, mandible, and tongue, those 
on vomer in two rows. 

Body rather profusely covered with small black spots most numerous above lateral line; top and 
upper part of side of head with few small round black spots; dorsal and caudal with black spots; anal 
dusky, unspotted; pectorals and ventrals immaculate; side with a red stripe in life. 

Two other somewhat smaller specimens possess the same characters. 

An example (no. 3020) from Klawak in life had on the side a broad rich rosy band extending 
across the cheek and along the lateral line to base of caudal fin; no red on throat; back and side pro- 
fusely spotted with small round black spots, quite uniformly distributed; caudal fin and peduncle 
thickly spotted. 

We have examined 34 other specimens of rainbow trout from Southeast Alaska and find them to 
agree essentially with the specimens above described. Most of them are from Lake McDonald and 
vicinity, where they were collected in 1905 by Mr. Burcham. Numerous other examples were examined 
in 1903 at Klawak and Loring. Occasionally an individual in prime condition shows more or less red 
or orange on the throat, but ordinarily this mark is indistinct or wholly absent. The bright tip of the 
anal, ventral, and dorsal fins, however, is usually present, and this, together with the large scales, 
absence of red on the throat, and rosy side, will usually suffice to distinguish the Alaska rainbow from 
the Alaska cutthroat, though the two species are exceedingly close to each other. The rainbow attains 
the larger size. The largest examples seen by us were about 2 feet long. One taken at Klawak was 32 
inches long, and, as already stated, Mr. H. F. Swift says he has seen several weighed 5 pounds and one 
that weighed 8 pounds. 

The Alaska rainbow trout stands easily among the finest of game fishes. It is certainly one of 
the best, if not the best, in Alaska. Expert anglers fishing in Naha Stream, at Yes Bay and Klawak, pro- 
nounce it the gamest trout they have ever caught. It takes the fly readily, not with a dash or rush, but 
rather quietly. When once hooked, however, it fights most savagely, jumping often, and is very hard 
to wear out. 

35. Cristi vomer namaycush (Walbaum). Great Lakes Trout; Lake Trout. 

The lake trout is doubtless found in all suitable waters in the Yukon basin. An individual weighing 
7.25 pounds was taken in Lake Bennett, one of 11 pounds at Log Cabin, and we have seen specimens from 
Tagish Arm and Lake Atlin. An example was caught by Dr. Harold Heath in Summit Lake at White 
Pass, July 20, and one of good size was taken in Tagish Arm near Caribou Crossing July 19, by trolling, 
which is the usual method of capture. Townsend (1887) records this species from a lake at the head of 




Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). 



Kobuk River, and states that it reaches a length of 3.5 feet or more. He did not find it in the Kobuk 
River. The fish apparently attains as large size in Alaska as in the Great Lakes, for examples weighing 
30 to 40 pounds have been reported. It is of considerable commercial importance in this region, large 
numbers being shipped, particularly from Lake Atlin, to Dawson. 

The lake trout can be readily distinguished from all other Alaskan Salmonidse by the presence 
of a raised crest behind the head of the vomer and free from its shaft, and by the color, which is dark 
gray, sometimes pale, sometimes almost black, everywhere with rounded paler spots which are often 
reddish tinged; head usually vermiculated above; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. 



264 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

36. Salvelinus malma (WaLbaum). Dolly Varden Trout; Salmon Trout; Western Chan. (PL xl.) 

This is the most abundant trout in Alaska. It swarms in eveiy stream and lake about the islands 
from the Columbia to Bering Sea. and was seen by us at practically all places visited. It is particularly 
abundant about the canneries, where it feeds ravenously on the salmon eggs and other refuse from 
canning operations. 

Our field notes make specific mention of the Dolly Varden trout as seen at the following places: Fort 
Rupert (abundant), stream at head of lake at Boca de Quadra (very abundant >. Metlakahtla seined), 
Karta Bay (in Alaska Packers Association trap). Cleveland Passage (seined many. 5 to 14 inches long), 
Taku Inlet cannery (several seem, Chilkoot cannery (very abundant), Taku, Dewey Lake near Skagway 
i common, but very small). Funter Bay (seined 4), Killisnoo. Sitkoh Bay, Dundas Bay (many seined and 
many seen in salmon trap I . Pablof Falls (many seined and many caught on hook and line ) , Indian River 
at Sitka (several fine ones taken on hook and line, July 28), creek at Silver Bay near Sitka (many taken on 
hook July 29 I, Afognak Falls (abundant August 3 I, Karluk, Uyak, and Alitak. 

On September 9. 1904. Mr. Hess, of the Geological Survey, found Dolly Varden trout 8 to 10 inches 
long in B ig Minook Creek 10 miles from Rampart . They were abundant and were spawning . E very one 
examined contained parasites in the air bladder. On September 5, 1903, Mr. Hess obtained this trout in 
Xiukluk River near Council. In October. 1905, the Bureau received 5 examples, 5.87 to 8.87 inches long, 
from Mr. S. P. Robins, of Rampart, who had caught them in Mynook Creek, a tributary of the Yukon. 

At Afognak Falls on August 3. various parties from the Albatross caught many Dolly Varden trout and 
salmon by using a gang of 3 hooks tied together. The fish were so thick that they were readily hooked as 
the gang was dragged through the water. 

Xear Skagway is a small lake called Dewey Lake, which is some distance above sea level. It is said to 
be impossible now for fish to reach it from the sea, yet Dolly Varden trout occur in this lake in some num- 
bers. They are very small, only a few inches long, and more brightly colored than those from salt 
water. In a small stream near U/nalaska these trout are found above what is now an impassable falls. 
They never exceed a few inches in length, and are very richly colored. They were described as new in 
1S73 by Cope who called them Salmo tudes. 

Previous Alaskan records for this trout are — Cope (1873), Captains Harbor, Unalaska. Bean 
1882 : Sitka; Old Sitka; Port Althrop; Chugachik Bay. and Refuge Cove, Cook Inlet; St, Paul, 
Kodiak Island; Humboldt Harbor and Little Koniushi Island, Shumagins; Iliuliuk and Nateekin 
Bay. Unalaska: Ky ska Harbor; St. Michael; Unalaklik; Hotham inlet; Port Clarence; Cape Lisburne; 
Arctic Ocean. Gilbert (1895), Lmalaska Island. Gilbert says "a small stream entering Captains 
Harbor. I nalaska Island, has a serie's of impassable cascades aggregating several hundred feet in height. 
Above these falls the trout are very abundant, but are dwarfed in size and remarkably brilliant in 
coloration. They seem to reach no larger size than 8 inches"'. Cantwell (1885) Kobuk River. Mur- 
doch (1885), near mouth of Colville River and at Pergniak. Nelson (1887), Golsova River. Scofield 
(1899). Port Clarence, Point Hope, and Herschel Island. 

The Dolly Varden trout attains a weight probably of 25 pounds, though the largest seen by us in 
Alaska weighed less than 4 pounds. The maximum length of those we saw was 21.5 inches. 

The average weight of 64 fish weighed at Pablof Falls was 1.5 ounces; length. 7 inches. 

Twenty-four were examined at Snug Harbor, 16 males and 8 females. The males averaged 14.84 
inches long and 11.28 ounces in weight ; females. 17 inches long and 9.44 ounces in weight, 

Four males and 12 females were examined at Karta Bay. The males averaged 14.375 inches long 
and 1.125 pounds in weight : females 15.77 inches long and 1.54 pounds in weight, 

At Chignik Bay 15 males averaged 16.2 inches long and 1 pound 12 ounces in weight; 2 females, 
17.75 inches long and 2.5 pounds in weight. 

The 16 examined at Karta Bay were all that were found in a trap with about 300 to 400 sockeyes. 2 
cohoes. and 3 starry flounders. 

In the quiet portion of the Home Stream at Point Ellis (really a part of the upper end of a small lake), 
Dolly Varden trout were very abundant August 22. In one pool, 2 to 6 feet deep and 25 feet wide, we 
saw 500 to 600. They ranged in length from a few inches to 2 feet. They were certainly spawning, and 
they were not paired off but were all in a bunch. As one would swim over some clean gravel it would 
turn on its side and rub against the bottom, evidently to press out the eggs or milt. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 265 

In Heckman Lake, August 30, many were seen jumping. 

In the Bristol Bay region this species appears to reach a larger size than elsewhere in Alaska. On July 
4, 1906, Mr. John N. Cobb measured and weighed 27 examples (14 males and 13 females) from the Nusha- 
gak River. The largest male was 29.25 inches long and weighed 8.5 pounds; another that was 29.75 
inches long weighed only 7.5 pounds. The largest female was 26.75 inches long and weighed 7 pounds, 
while another 27.25 inches long weighed but 6 pounds. The average of the 14 males was: Length 27 
inches, weight 6.93 pounds; females, length 25.6 inches, weight 6.2 pounds. On July 19 Mr. Cobb 
examined 5 males and 1 female from the same river. These ran from 18 to 19 inches in length and 1.25 to 
2 pounds in weight. 

The salmon trout, to call it by another of its names, is the most persistent and destructive enemy 
of the salmon eggs and fry. When the sockeye, humpback, and coho are running upstream they are 
accompanied by vast numbers of salmon trout, which apparently have no other purpose than feeding upon 
their eggs. And the trout are quite as persistent in ascending rapids and jumping falls as are the 
salmon themselves. Not only during the spawning time do the trout remain, but so long as the eggs 
are to be found; and after the eggs have hatched the fry and fingerlings fall a ready prey to this 
voracious trout, which pursues them not only in the streams and lakes but down to salt water, where 
the destruction continues until the salmon have grown too large to be eaten. 

On August 3, among the salmon at Afognak Falls, were hundreds — perhaps thousands — of the trout, 
all trying just as hard and just as successfully to ascend the falls. They jumped surprisingly well, 
sometimes it seemed even better than the salmon; even little ones not over 6 inches long would jump 
beautifully, and could maintain themselves in the vertical current quite well. Every possible resting 
pool, however small, had trout in it, and in the larger ones trout and salmon were mixed. There were 
some very large trout, and in a pool above the falls several of good size were seen. 

Similar conditions were observed at Pablof Harbor, a small arm of Freshwater Bay, Chichagof 
Island, July 25. Into the head of this small bay empties Pablof stream, a small creek perhaps 50 feet 
wide. Near its mouth is a falls where the water drops by broken stages some 20 or 25 feet at low tide, 
but less at high tide. Below this falls were hundreds of humpbacks with a good many sockeyes and a 
few cohoes and dogs, all trying to get over the falls. With them were hundreds — perhaps thousands — 
of Dolly Varden trout and a good many cutthroat trout, all trying equally hard to ascend the falls. 
They could be seen in great numbers lying in the pools below or swimming about, or making heroic 
efforts to scale the falls. Every pool or possible resting place in the falls was literally packed with 
trout, 2 or 3 layers deep where the water permitted, all with their heads upstream. Among them 
in the larger pools was an occasional salmon. 

The trout could be seen jumping quite as often as the salmon and apparently with even greater 
success in ascending the falls. They have an advantage in their smaller size, being able to find resting 
•places in the small nooks and eddies. They are able, however, to jump very well, and to maintain 
themselves against or even to ascend a practically vertical current. 

Ordinarily the Dolly Varden trout does not take high rank as a game fish ; it is usually loggy , never 
jumps, and makes a poor fight. But this is not always the case; much depends upon the water, the 
particular fish, and perhaps other factors. 

One of us has found that these trout are very good fighters in the swiftly flowing waters of Idaho, 
particularly in the Salmon River and elsewhere in the Sawtooth Mountains. In Alaska they are very good 
game fish, and there is scarcely a stream or lake in that country where the angler may not find excellent 
sport with them. We have angled for them in many Alaskan waters, among which may be mentioned the 
Nana Stream and lakes near Loring, small streams near Unalaska, Indian River, and creek at Silver Bay 
near Sitka, Afognak Falls, and Pablof Falls. At the last-named place we found them unexpectedly gamey. 
A 12 to 15 inch fish in this turbulent water was able to make a fight that would delight the heart of any 
angler. Moreover, these trout rise to the fly readily, take it with a rush, and do not give up the fight until 
safe in the creel. Even when lifted from the water or placed in the landing net they continue to flop 
with great vigor, so that it is not an easy matter to remove the hook. They do not often jump from the 
water when hooked, though they occasionally do. 

The best flies were small ones of red color ; those most resembling salmon spawn were the most killing. 
A fly of this kind used at Pablof Falls would scarcely touch the water before dozens of trout would vie with 
each other in frantic efforts to seize it. Occasionally a fish would discover the nature of the fly and turn 
away, but usually one of them would take it. Salmon spawn, however, is the bait that never fails. 



266 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Our experiences at Pablof Falls showed that " tickling trout " is as possible in Alaska as in England. 
While fishing from a ledge out near the middle of the falls we noticed some trout resting in a relatively 
quiet pool part way up the falls. By reaching one's hand into the water and carefully touching a fish 
near the tail, then moving the hand forward, gently rubbing the belly and side, and then closing down 
upon the fish when the hand reached the head, it was possible to lift the fish out of the water without 
disturbing any of the others. In this way we secured quite a number for our creel. At first they were 
quite heedless of the hand, but when one became alarmed and, being very slick, got away, all the others 
in the pool were apt to become greatly disturbed and scurry away pellmell, going down to the foot of the 
falls. 

The ovaries of all of these trout were quite small and immature, and this was evidently not their 
spawning season. It is doubted whether their efforts to ascend these falls were actuated by a desire to 
reach their own spawning beds. The only rational explanation of their running upstream at this time is 
that it was for the purpose of reaching the spawning beds of the salmon that they might feed upon the 
salmon eggs. 

Family 14. THYMALLID^E. The Graylings. 

37. Thymallus signifer (Richardson). Alaska Grayling ; " Tahseh" (Indian name). (PL xli.) 

Very abundant in the headwaters of the Yukon. July 18 to 20 numerous specimens were collected 
in Tagish Ann near Caribou Crossing and from Kilbourne Creek, a small stream flowing into Tagish 
Arm. Others were seined in the outlet of Lake Bennett, north of the station at Caribou Crossing. At 
Lake Bennett, July 20 and 21, several small examples were seined near the head of the lake and several 
larger ones were taken with the fly. One particularly fine example (no . 2928) , 15 inches long and weighing 
1 pound and 2 ounces, was taken on the hook near the railroad station at Lake Bennett. A special 
agent of the Yukon and White Pass Railroad caught several in a small lake near Log Cabin, which is 
between Lake Bennett and Caribou Crossing. The fish is said to occur also in Lake Atlin and in Forty- 
mile Creek, in which it is reported to reach a very large size. 

The grayling is probably of wide distribution in northern Alaska," particularly throughout the 
Yukon basin. Mr. Frank Hess, of the Geological Survey, reports it from Sinuk River, about 35 miles 
northwest of Nome, and he was informed that it occurs in the same river 70 miles northwest of Nome. 
He found it also in Kuzitrin River 35 miles northeast of Council, in Niukluk River at Council, in 
El Dorado Creek (a tributary of Noxapaga River) 125 to 150 miles northeast of Nome, and in the 
Kugruk River 110 to 120 miles north of Nome. On August 9 he saw them spawning in streams 40 miles 
north of Fairbanks. It was found also in Kugruk River (a different stream flowing into Kotzebue 
Sound) by Mr. Fred H. Moffit, of the Geological Survey. Mr. Frank C. Schrader found it in 1902 
in Colville River and in other streams and lakes of that region. Mr. Walter C. Mendenhall, also of the. 
Geological Survey, says that grayling may be found in all of the clear- water streams of the Kobuk Valley. 

Mr. E. W. Nelson, of the Biological Survey, reports the grayling from a small stream flowing 
into the Arctic Ocean just north of Cape Lisburne, about halfway between Kotzebue Sound and Point 
Barrow. This stream is only 12 to 15 miles long and the grayling were seen in a small pool about half- 
way up the stream. They were only a few in number and were adults 12 to 15 inches long. According 
to Mr. Nelson, grayling occur in all the streams entering Norton Sound; also in the upper tributaries 
of the Yukon some 30 to 35 miles northeast from St. Michael. They do not occur in the streams down 
in the flats, but up in the hills they are in every clear stream. Dolly Varden trout are most abundant 
in the larger streams, grayling in the smaller ones. 

The examples taken with the fly at Caribou Crossing and Lake Bennett varied in length from 4.5 
to 15 inches. The respective lengths in inches of 27 specimens measured are as follows: 4§, 4f , 5f , 6, 
6i, 6J, 7, 7, 7i, 7|, 7 T %, 7f , 8, 8, 8£, 8£, 8£, 8|, 9, 9£, 10, 10, 10|, 11, llf, 13|, and 15 inches, the average 
being nearly 8.5 inches. 

The example from which the painting was made was 12J inches long and was obtained at Caribou 
Crossing in August, 1903. 

The 15-inch example (no. 2928) from Lake Bennett was described in life as follows: , 

Head 5.25 in body; depth 4.28; eye 4 in head; snout 4.6; maxillary 6; mandible 2; dorsal 21; 
anal 11, the last ray broad and firm; scales 10-93-10. 

Body elongate, compressed, highest about the origin of the dorsal, from which the contour slopes 
gradually to the slender caudal peduncle; head small, somewhat pointed; mouth terminal, moderate, 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 267 

the maxillary extending to below middle of eye; mandible extending to nearly posterior edge of orbit; 
teeth minute, numerous in both jaws and along maxillary, none on tongue; eye large, longer than snout, 
but not equal to interorbital space. 

Scales on side about uniform in size; the caudal fin well scaled, two rows of small scales forming 
radiating feather-like projections on some of the interradial spaces of the lobes of the fin; a naked patch 
back of isthmus; scales of jugular region minute, becoming larger backward and upward. 

Dorsal fin long and high, the longest ray about 4 in body, its base 4.5; adipose fin small; longest 
ray of anal 2 in head, its base about the same length; gillrakers medium length, firm, rather stout, acute, 
64-13 and 64-12. 

Color in life, back light olive, edges of scales dark; side bluish silvery, centers of scales brightest; 
belly dull white, a dirty, rusty wash from base of ventral to lower part of pectoral; when scales rub off 
an orange color is shown; anterior part of side with 11 or 12 small blue-black spots; cheek somewhat 
rosy; membrane between rami of lower jaw black; dorsal olive, with 3 rows of rosy or purplish, lighter- 
edged, almost coalescing spots at base, above these about 6 less distinct rows of more isolated spots of 
same color; distal edge of fin purplish, posterior edge blackish above; ventrals olive, with 5 longitudinal 
purplish lines; pectoral, caudal, and anal olh r e, the caudal somewhat dark at base and edge. 

A 10-inch specimen and 10 others taken at Caribou Crossing, July 18, had the following colors in life: 

Back olive, the centers of scales lighter; side silvery, underlaid with olive; borders of scales dull 
golden; 10 inky black spots, irregularly arranged on anterior part of body, mostly below lateral line, 
these varying much, numbering from 3 to 17 in the 10 specimens at hand; one specimen has 
over 70 spots, rather paler, and arranged in irregular rows, extending back to adipose dorsal; head olive, 
with bluish luster, with some gold and brassy; a blue-black blotch under rami of lower jaw; branchios- 
tegals brassy; dorsal dusky olive, upper edge blue-black, 4 rows of spots, the upper violet blue, others 
anteriorly violet, posteriorly reddish or yellowish green, a fifth partial row (6 on some), the smaller fish 
with spots less distinct; adipose dorsal dusky olive; caudal dusky with a submarginal paler streak; 
anal olive, dusky at tip; ventral dusky anteriorly, with 3 lengthwise strips of bright cream color; pectoral 
greenish; inside of opercle bluish. 

Color in alcohol (No. 2928), back and upper parts of side pearly blue, somewhat paler below, nearly 
everywhere finely punctulate with minute black dots, but especially so in a streak on each side extending 
from the base of the pectoral to origin of ventral fin; a black or dark blue streak each side of chin, almost 
concealed by fold of jaw; a few (5-10) roundish blue spots along anterior part of side; dorsal fin highly 
colored, the ground-color dark blue, interrupted by elongate elliptical pink or red spots, these extending 
in rows between rays, their long axis parallel with those of the rays, the spots also in rows parallel with 
the back, almost forming continuous lines near the base of the fin; ventrals bluish dusky, with longi- 
tudinal bright dashes; other fins dusky. 

Most of the grayling from Caribou Crossing were taken with a fly from a small pier at the mounted 
police station a few rods below the railroad bridge, in water 2 to 5 feet deep. A very small fly (black 
gnat) was used. The fish took it either at the surface or when it was sunk a foot to 3 feet. The local 
anglers usually fish with the artificial fly and, of course, without any sinker, simply whipping the sur- 
face or allowing the fly to float down. Some, however, use a very light sinker and find that the grayling 
will sometimes take the fly even better when it is sunk 2 or 3 feet. Very small bits of fresh red meat 
are sometimes used and found attractive. 

Considering the small size of these fish they were quite good fighters and afforded much sport. 
Those taken in the swift water of Kilbourne Creek seemed decidedly more gamy, partly, doubtless, 
on account of the current, but they were really better fighters. 

The 15-inch example from Lake Bennett was caught while we were still-fishing from a pier near 
the hotel. This fish was seen in water 4 feet deep and was repeatedly tried with various kinds of flies, 
but it paid no attention to any of them. As a last resort a small piece of fresh, ±ed meat was placed 
on the fly, when the fish rose at once and took it greedily, proving very energetic and vigorous, and 
making a very pretty fight. 

Family 15. ARGENTINID^. The Smelts. 

38. Mallotus villosus (Muller). Capelin. 

Eight (4 male, 4 female) specimens 3.5 to 5 inches long, collected by the Albatross at Port Chester, 
September 26, 1900, and one 4 inches long from Loring, 1904. 



268 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Recorded also by Bean ^1882) from Sitka: Chugachik Bay and Refuge Cove, Cook Inlet; off Marmot 
Island: St. Michael: Bering Strait: Cape Lisburne and Point Belcher, Arctic Ocean. Gilbert (1895), 
stations 3235. 323S. and 3240. Bristol Bay. Murdoch (1885), Point Barrow. Nelson (1887), Golovina 
Bay. Turner (1886), Atka Island. Scofield (1899\ Port Clarence. 

A. 



^ 





Fig. 13.— Mallotus villosus (Miiller). 

The capelin is an abundant fish in Alaska, often seen in large schools on the cod grounds. It is 
one of the principal foods of the cod. as many as 40 having been found in one cod's stomach. It is 
preyed upon largely also by the halibut and by whales. It reaches a length of 10 inches or less and 
is a very delicious food-fish which has not as vet been utilized in Alaska to anv extent. 






Fig. 14.— Thaleichthys pacifieus (Richardson). 

39. Thaleich.th.ys pacifieus 'Richardson). Eulachon. 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Stikine River; Wrangell: Sitka; Chilkat River; and Katmai. Gilbert 
(1895). near the mouth of Xushagak River. Xot taken by us. 




Fig. 15.— Osmerus thaleichthys (Ayres). 
40. Osmerus thaleichthys (Ayres). California Smelt. 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from Xushagak River, from which he again obtained '5 examples in 
They are 2.5. 2.75, 2.87, 3. 3.63 inches long, respectively. The largest and one other have the 
mouth -trikingly different from the remaining specimens — maxillary teeth absent and the maxillary 
short and broad, while in the others it is long and narrow. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
41. Osmerus dentex Steindachner. Arctic Smelt. 



269 



One specimen 4 inches long collected by the Albatross in Bristol Bay in 1890-91, and one 11 inches 
long at Tareinski Harbor in 1900; one 5 inches long at station 3231, Bering Sea, June 2, 1890. Also 
recorded by Bean (1882) from Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay, and from St. Michael and Port Clarence. 




Fig. 16.— Osmerus dentex Steindachner. 

Gilbert (1895), Naknek and Nushagak rivers and station 3231 in Bristol Bay. Wainwright Inlet near 
Point Barrow (Murdoch 1886); St. Michael (Nelson 1887); Port Clarence (Scofield 1899). We have 
recently examined a specimen obtained in 1904 by Mr. Edward A. Preble in the Arctic Red River, 
a tributary to the Mackenzie. 

42. Osmerus albatrossis Jordan & Gilbert. (PI. xiv, fig. 2.) 

One specimen 5.25 inches long taken by the Albatross at station 3536, Bering Sea, and 2 specimens 
3 and 3.5 inches long, from station 3789. 

Originally described from Albatross station 3675 in Shelikof Straits (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

43. Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard). Surf Smelt. 

Nine specimens 2.75 to 6 inches long were seined in Kilisut Harbor; 16 specimens, 3.75 to 5.75 
inches long, at Admiralty Head, Whidby Island; and one, 5.25 inches long, at Dundas Bay. The 
species has been recorded by Bean (1882) from Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay. 




Fig. 17.— Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard). 

In the specimens at hand the ventrals are inserted in front of the middle of the dorsal; in other 
respects the specimens agree well with current descriptions. A specimen 5.75 inches long is described 
as follows: Head 5; depth 5; eye equal to snout, 4 in head; dorsal 9; anal 14; pectorals 14; ventrals 8. 



270 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
44. Hypomesus olidus (Pallas). 



One specimen collected by the Albatross at Tareinski Harbor. Recorded from St. Michael (Turner 
1886, Bean 1882), and from rivers back of Grantley Harbor (Scofield 1899). No Alaskan specimens 
seen by us. 




Fig. 18.— Hypomesus olidus (Pallas). 
45. Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert. 
Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from station 3330, off northern shore of Unalaska. 







m^^s 



Fig. 19.— Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert. 

Family 16. MICROSTOMIA. 
46. Bathylagus borealis Gilbert. 
Originally described from Albatross station 3327, north of Unalaska (Gilbert 1895). 

Family 17. MYCTOPHIDiE. 
47. Lampanyctus gemmifer Goode & Bean. 
Six specimens 3 to 4.25 inches long, dredged at station 4255, in Lynn Canal July 16, 1903. 
48. Nannobrachium leucopsarum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann). 

One specimen 3.5 inches long was picked up on the beach at Wrangell. Recorded by Gilbert (1895) 
from stations 3227, 3307, 3308, 3325, and 3329, all in Bering Sea, north of Unalaska Island. 

49. Nannobrachium nannochir (Gilbert). 

Two specimens 3.5 and 4.5 inches long, dredged at station 4267, off Mount Edgecumbe; 3 specimens 
1.5 to 2 inches long, dredged at station 4257, in Lynn Canal, and 2 specimens 1 and 1.5 inches long, 
dredged at station 4235, in Behm Canal. 

This species has been recorded by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3211, 3307, 3308, 3327, 3329, 3338, 3340, 
3342, and 3348, including the entire North Pacific and Bering Sea. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 271 

50. Diaphus theta Eigenmann & Eigenmann. 

One specimen 2.5 inches long dredged at station 4267, off Mount Edgecumbe in 922 fathoms. 
Head 3; depth 4.5; eye 3; snout about 3 in eye; dorsal 12; anal 9; pectorals 12; lateral line 35. 

Family 18. CHAUU0D0NTID£. 

51. Cyclothone microdon (Giinther). 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from Albatross stations 3307 and 3308 in Bering Sea. Not taken by us. 

52. Chauliodus macouni Bean. 

One specimen 4.25 inches long from station 4231, Behm Canal near Loring, and another 3.5 inches 
long from station! 257, in Lynn Canal. Also recorded from station 3340, south of Alaska peninsula 
(Gilbert 1895). 

Family 19. PLAGYODOXTID^. 

53. Plagyodus aesculapius Bean. 

Originally described by Bean (1884) from Iliuliuk, Unalaska. Recorded also from Summer 
Harbor, Unalaska (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 




Fig. 20.— Plagyodus aesculapius Bean. 
54. Plagyodus borealis (Gill). 
Recorded from Captains Harbor, Unalaska (Bean 1882). 

Family 20. N0TACANTHID£. 
55. Macdonaldia challengeri (Vaillant). 
Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from Albatross station 3308 in Bering Sea. 

Family 21. D ALLUDE. 
56. Dallia pectoralis Bean. 

This interesting fish, which is the sole representative of a family and order of fishes, was first 
described by Bean (1880), from specimens collected by its discoverer, Dr. Dall, at St. Michael. 
Specimens were also reported by Nelson (1887) from Andreafski, Yukon River, and mouth of Tanana 
River, and by Gilbert (1895) from Nushagak River. It occurs in great numbers on St. Lawrence 
Island. "We have but a single specimen, one secured by Gilbert. Although so abundant in Alaska, 
this species is rare in museums and collections in general, illustrating the well-known fact that the 
commonest forms in nature are often the rarest as preserved specimens Turner (1886) says: 

This species is probably the most abundant of all the fishes which occur in the fresh and brackish 
waters of the northern part of Alaska. It is found in all the small streams of the low grounds, in the 



272 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

wet morasses and sphagnum-covered areas, which are soaked with water and which at times ceem to 
contain water sufficient only to moisten the skin of the fish. In the low grounds or tundra are many, 
countless thousands, small ponds of very slight depth, connected with each other by small streams 
of variable width. * * * These narrow outlets of the ponds are at certain seasons so full of these 
fish that they completely block them up. The soft, yielding sphagnum moss above is pushed aside, 
and under it these fish find a convenient retreat. Here the fish are partially protected from the great 
cold of winter by the covering of moss and grass. In such situations they collect in such numbers that 
figures fail to express an adequate idea of their numbers. They are measured by the yard. Their 
mass is deep according to the nature of the retreat. * * * The natives repair to the places which 
are known to be the refuge of these fish and set a small trap. * * * The natives remove the trap 
every day or two to relieve the pressure on it and to supply their own wants and those of their dogs. 
* * * j? rom May to December, tons and tons of these fish are daily removed. They form the prin- 
cipal food of the natives living between the Yukon Delta and the Kuskokwim River and as far interior 
as the bases of the higher hills. North of the Yukon Delta they are also abundant. The natives sell 
many of these fish in baskets, a few cents paying for about three-fourths of a bushel. When taken 
from the traps the fish are immediately put into these baskets and taken to the village, where the 
baskets of fish are placed on stages out of the way of dogs. The mass of fish in each basket is frozen 
in a few minutes, and when required to take them out they have to be chopped out with an ax or beaten 
with a club to divide them into pieces of sufficient size to feed to the dogs. 




Fig. 21. — Dallia pectoralis Bean. 

The vitality of these fish is astonishing. They will remain in those grass baskets for weeks, and when 
brought into the house and thawed out they will be as lively as ever. The pieces which are thrown to 
the ravenous dogs are eagerly swallowed, the animal heat of the dog's stomach thaws the fish out, where- 
upon its movements soon cause the dog to vomit it up alive. The food of these fish has always been a 
matter of wonder to me, considering the number of fish to be supplied in the scanty waters where they 
abound. The contents of several stomachs were examined and found to contain only a mass of undis- 
tinguished earthy matter, vegetable fragments, and what appeared to be the undigested portions of 
skins of small worms which frequent the ponds and low grounds. The spawning season is in June and 
July, or as soon as the lagoons thaw out sufficiently. The eggs are deposited in the vegetable slime at 
the bottoms of the small ponds. 

According to Petroff, this little fish is found in all the shallower channels and lagoons throughout the 
delta between the mouths of the Kuskokwim and Yukon rivers in such quantities as to furnish subsist- 
ence for whole settlements in the most desolate regions where nothing else could be found to sustain 
life at certain seasons of the year. It is said that the people inhabiting these regions are in better con- 
dition physically when spring approaches than any of their neighbors in regions where it does not exist, 
they being almost exempt from the annual period of starvation elsewhere preceding the run of salmon 
in the rivers. The blackfish is exceedingly fat and a good quality of oil is obtained from it. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 273 

Family 22. ESOCIOe 

57. Esox lucius Linnaeus. 

Recorded from Yukon River (Bean 1882) ; common in Kobuk River (Townsend 1887) ; Andreafski, 
Yukon River (Nelson 1887). No specimens were obtained by us, but we were informed that it occurs 
in Lake Atlin and Tagish Arm. 




Fig. 22. — Esox lucius Linnaeus. 

Family 23. GASTEROSTEIM. The Sticklebacks. 
58. Pygosteus pungitius (Linnaeus). 

This species has been recorded by Turner (1886), from St. Michael. Gilbert (1895), from Nusha- 
gak and Naknek rivers. Rutter (1899), brook near mouth of Alitak Bay, Kodiak Island. Scofleld (1896), 
Grantley Harbor. Nelson (1887), as Pygosteus pungitius brachypoda, from Andreafski, Yukon River, and 
St. Michael. Turner (1886), Sannak Island. Bean (1882), St. Paul, Kodiak Island; Unga Island; Iliuliuk 
Lake, Unalaska; St. Paul Island; St. Michael; Port Clarence; Elephant Point, Eschscholtz Bay; near 
Icy Cape, Arctic Ocean. Murdoch (1885), Point Barrow. 

Numerous (probably 500) specimens taken by Dr. Gilbert in a small lake at Koggiung. Two 
specimens 2.26 and 1.75 inches long taken along with young salmon in sloughs or little pools of quiet 
water along edge of Karluk River near its source, by Mr. Rutter in 1903. These specimens differ 
from current descriptions, therefore, in having an increased number of spines, and the ventral spines 
somewhat shorter. 

The following is a description of the larger specimen, 2.26 inches long: 

Head 4 in body; depth 5; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.75; maxillary 4; mandible 4; interorbital 4.6; 
dorsal x-i, 9; anal 1, 9. 

59. Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). 

Numerous specimens from the following localities: Admiralty Head and Kilisut Harbor near Port 
Townsend; Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island; Alert Bay; Mink Arm, Boca de Quadra; Loring 
(from both salt and fresh water); Lake McDonald and Yes Bay; Kasaan Bay; Ankau River; Karluk 
Lake and connecting streams and sloughs; Alitak Lake, Kodiak Island; St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group; 
Sitka; and Pablof Falls. 

The species had been previously recorded by Turner (1886) from Sannak Island. By Bean (1882) 
from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay; Refuge Cove and Chugachik Bay, Cook Inlet; St. Paul, 
♦Kodiak Island; Sanborn Harbor, Unga Island; Humboldt Harbor and Little Koniushi Island, Shu- 
magins; Iliuliuk, Unalaska; Amchitka; Kyska Harbor and St. Paul Island. Lakes of Kodiak Island 
and Karluk estuary (Rutter 1899). Grantley Harbor (Scofleld 1899). As Gasterosteus microcephalics 
(Bean 1884) from Piseco Lake, Sitka; St. Paul, Kodiak; Chirikof Island; Iliuliuk Lake, Unalaska, and 
Mountain Lake, near Wards Cove. 

The specimens from Karluk Lake were obtained by Mr. Rutter from a large school seen in the 
river near its connection with a side lake and from sloughs or pools of quiet water along the river near 
its source. These range in length from 2 to 4 inches. The largest of these last specimens have the lateral 
plates scarcely evident ; the smaller specimens show no plates at all. Examples taken at Lake McDonald 
August 24 were full of nearly ripe eggs, as were also those taken at Kilisut Harbor July 1. 

B.B.F.1906— 18 



274. 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Among the great number of specimens collected by Mr. M. C. Marsh on St. Paul Island in 1906, 
nearly 200 small examples were obtained from a landlocked fresh-water lake and these are not so fully 
plated as are larger examples from the same lake. Many of the Loring specimens were infested with 
intestinal parasites. 

Eighteen different localities in Alaska, eight of which are salt water, are represented in our collection 
of Gastcrostev.s. Even.- specimen from the salt water is fully plated. Those found in the lakes or well 
up the streams usually have fewer plates than those taken in or near the sea. the variation beinsfrom 
3 plates to a fully plated condition. Those in a fresh-water landlocked lake on St. Paul Island, however, 
are fully plated. With this exception tand this lake is not strictly a fresh-water lake), our collections 
indicate that whenever sticklebacks begin living in fresh water they begin losing their plates, and a 
continued residence there tends to the disappearance of most of the plates. 




Fig. 23.— Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). 

An examination of our specimens from various localities gives the following results: 

Hatchery Lake near Loring. 2 specimens. 6 plates: pubic plate and spines well developed, not 
reduced. 

River connecting with side lake. Lake Karluk. 2 specimens. 4 and 6 plates: spines well developed; 
pubic plate not reduced. 

Loring. 6 specimens. 3 plates, only 1 plate fully developed; pubic plate and spines not reduced; 
pectorals small. 

Lake Karluk, about 20 specimens. 4 to 12 plates: pubic plate and spines not reduced. 

Loring. outlet second lake. 1 specimen. 3 plates: spines and pubic plate well developed. 

Loring. at head of bay. many small specimens, few plates: spines and pubic plates well developed. 

Heckman Lake. 4 specimens. 3 plates: spines and pubic plate well developed. 

Karluk Lake. 12 specimens. 3 to 8 plates: spines and pubic plate well developed. 

Head of Mink Arm. 77 specimens, all fully plated: pubic plate and pectoral not different from 
fresh-water specimens. 

Admiralty Head. 1 specimen, fully plated: spines and pubic plate well developed. 

Kilisut Harbor. 13 specimens, fully plated: spines and pubic plates well developed. 

Loring. near head of Bight. 2 specimens, fully plated: spines and pubic plate well developed. 

Loring. at head of Xaha Bay. 12 specimens, plates well developed: others well developed, as are 
the spines and pubic plates. 

Kasaan Bay. 1 specimen, plates all developed. 

Head of Yes Bay. 25 specimens, fully plated. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 275 

Family 24. AULORHYNCHIOE. 

60. Aulorhynchus fl.avid.us Gill. 

Eleven specimens, 1.15 to 2.15 inches long, seined at Quarantine Dock, near Port Townsend; 3 
specimens, 1.25 inches long, taken in kelp near pier at Port Townsend, 5 from Loring, and 1 from Alert 
Bay. The species has also been recorded from Sitka by Bean (1882.) 



Fig. 24.— Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill. 

Family 25. SYNGNATHIDiF. The Pipefishes. 
61. Siphostoma griseolineatum (Ayres). 

Four specimens, 4 to 9 inches long, taken at Loring; one a male, 6.75 inches long, had eggs and 
young in its pouch; 3 females, 6.5 to 8 inches long, seined at Kilisut Harbor; 2 females, 5.5 and 11.5 
inches long, seined at Metlakahtla; one specimen, 5 inches long, seined in Taylor Bay, Gabriola Island. 
We have also 2 specimens, one taken at Loring and one at Yes Bay in 1905, and one other taken at Port 
Ludlow in 1895. 

Family 26. AMMODYTIM. The Sand Launces. 

62. Ammodytes personatus Girard. 

Collections were made by the Albatross as follows: One specimen, 3.75 inches long, at Sucia Island, 
May 6, 1894; 13 specimens, 3.5 to 7 inches long, south side of Akatan Bay, Aleutian Islands, July 20, 
1894; 42 specimens, 3 to 5 inches long, at Agattu Island, June 6, 1894; 6 specimens, 3 to 5 inches long, 
taken at Atka Island, June 10, 1894; one specimen, 4 inches long, at station 3595; 52 by Mr. Rutter at 
Uganuk in 1897; 2 specimens, 4- and 4.25 inches long, at Unalaska, July 2, 1900; 118 specimens, 2 to 
6.25 inches long, were taken in 1903 at Admiralty Head; Loring; Metlakahtla; Pablof Harbor; Uganuk, 
Uyak Bay, and Shakan Bay. 

In addition to the specimens in the collection, the species was seined in abundance in Pablof Bay 
and also observed at station 4242 in Karta Bay, at Port Alexander, and Kilisut Harbor. It is frequently 
found in the stomachs of other fishes — in the stomach of a halibut at Loring, and many in the stomachs 
of sockeyes; many were also found in the stomach of a Dolly Varden trout. 

The species has been recorded by Bean (1882), as Ammodytes americanus, from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, 
Yakutat Bay; Chugachik and Port Chatham, Cook Inlet; Semidi Islands; Humboldt Bay, Shumagins; 
Iliuliuk, Captains Harbor, and Chernoffsky, Unalaska; ConstantineBay, Amchitka; Port Clarence; and 
Point Belcher, Arctic Ocean. Also by Bean in 1884 (as A. personatus) from Wrangell and Port Ches- 
ter. Gilbert (1895), Unalaska; Chernoffski; Herendeen Bay and Hagemeister Island. Nelson (1887), 
St. Michael; and Scofield (1899), Chignik and Port Clarence. 

Small boys, seen using this fish at Sitka for bait in fishing for "black bass" (Sebastodes melanops), 
called them "needlefish." They are abundant along the Alaskan coasts at least as far north as the 
Aleutian Islands, going in great schools and frequenting sandy shores, where they quickly bury them- 
selves in the sand when disturbed. At Unalaska in 1892 one of us saw more than a barrel taken in one 
haul with a short seine. More delicious little fish probably do not exist. They are usually prepared 
by rolling in fine corn meal or cracker crumbs and frying in butter. 

Family 27. BERYCIDiE. 

63. Plectromus lugubris (Gilbert). 

Recorded from station 3327, north of Unalaska (Gilbert 1895), as Melamphaes lugubris. 



276 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

64. Plectromus cristiceps (Gilbert). 

One specimen 4.75 inches long from station 4267, off Cape Edgeeumbe, in 922 fathoms. 

Head 2.75 in length; depth 3.80; eye 5.3 in head; maxillary 2.3; mandible 2; interorbital 3.1; 
dorsal in, 13; anal I, 8. 

Head long, blunt anteriorly, remarkable for cavernous areas surrounded by membranous ridges, the 
eye surrounded by a raised rectangular area bordered above and below by raised crests; a fragile but 
sharp spine on snout and a horseshoe-shaped crest on top of head, the rounded border pointing anteriorly; 
a raised area ending in a ridge in front of preopercle and resembling the latter in outline; a fan-shaped 
striate patch on upper posterior corner of opercle; mouth wide, slightly oblique, the gape reaching to 
vertical of pupil. Dorsal rather long, its base 1.5 in head, its origin halfway between tip of snout and 
base of caudal; anal short, its base 3.5 in head, its origin about middle of base of dorsal; ventrals short, 
inserted immediately below pectorals; pectoral long and slender, reaching to posterior end of dorsal, 
about 1.2 in head, narrow (about 13-rayed), inserted close behind gill-opening and^about two-thirds 
distance from dorsal to ventral outline. Scales apparently deciduous, the scars only remaining, 
largest anteriorly, 24 in longitudinal series, 9 in transverse series; no lateral line. 

Predominating color black; fins dark; crests, occiput, and area about eye white; positions occupied 
by scales lighter, border area black. 

Family 28. ZAPRORID^. 

65. Zaprora silenus Jordan. 

Known only from 2 specimens, the type and one other now in the Provincial Museum at Victoria, 
both taken in Nanaimo Harbor, British Columbia. 








Fig. 25.— Zaprora silenus Jordan. 

Family 29. EMBIOTOCID^E. The Viviparous Surf-fishes. 
66. Cymatogaster aggregatus (Gibbons). White Surf-fish; Viviparous Perch. 

This interesting fish occurs from Todos Santos Bay, Lower California, northward at least as far as Yes 
Bay, Alaska. It was found by us at the following places: Marrowstone Point near Port Townsend, June 
29; Kilisut Harbor near Port Townsend, July 1; Taylor Bay and Gabriola Island near Nanaimo, June 20; 
Union Bay, Xanaimo, June 23; Fort Rupert, June 25; Boca de Quadra, July 6; Yes Bay and Karta Bay, 
July 8; Loring and Klawak, August 8. It was abundant at all these places, except at Yes and Karta 
bays, and many specimens were seined at all of them, but none was seen farther north than Yes Bay. 
Bean (1883) records it from Wrangell. The specimens collected up to July 1 were mature, the females 
all being heavy with young. In some instances the young had begun to escape, as some were found in 
the water, and in nearly all cases they could be easily pressed from the body of the mother. Frequently 
they were able to maintain themselves in an upright position in the water and swim about. 

A large number of examples of this species were examined for the purpose of determining the 
extreme and average sizes of adult males and females, the number and size of young at time of libera- 
tion, and the position of the young in the ovary. It was found that the average total length of all the 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 277 

females (106) examined was 5.25 inches; of the (44) males, 3.84 inches. The extremes were: Females, 
3.25 and 8 inches; males 3.31 and 5.69 inches. The number of young in 81 females examined varied 
from 8 to 36, the average being 15.76. The position of the young in the ovary was determined in 54 




Fig. 26. — Cymatogaster aggregatus (Gibbons). Male. 

fishes. They were found to contain a total of 813 young, 652 or 80 per cent of which were lying with the 
head toward the head of the mother fish, while 161 or 20 per cent had the head toward the tail. In one 
instance all the young (11) had the head forward, and in every case but one the majority of the young 




Fig. 27. — Cymatogaster aggregatus. Female. 

had the head forward. The one exception was with a 5.5-inch fish with 12 young, 9 of which had the 
head toward the tail. The young were quite uniformly 1 inch to 1.25 inches in length. Those of an 
unusually large female (6.75 inches) were each 1.63 inches long. 
The table on page 278 gives these data in detail. 



278 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Position of Young ix Gravid Examples of Cymatogaster aggregatus. 



p. 








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Union Bav, Vancouver 










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56 
57 
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59 
60 
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62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 


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5.75 

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5. 75 

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Kilisut Harbor (July 1) . 






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Color of female in life, silvery; back olive-greenish or brassy; side with 2 broad vertical brassy 
bars, between which and in front and back of which the scales are whitish, and with a large black blotch 
of small specks; top of head olive; belly white; dorsal and caudal olive, other fins white. 

"Surf-fish " is a very appropriate name for this little species. During the spawning season it swarms 
in great numbers in the surf or in shallow water along sandy shores. Every haul of the seine at Kilisut 
Harbor and about Nanaimo and Fort Rupert resulted in the capture of great numbers. 

The spawning season on the coast from Puget Sound to Fort Rupert is evidently during the last 
day? of June and the first days of July, and the fish seem to come into shallow water along the shore to 
liberate their young. There is evidence indicating that the more quiet, shallow reaches of shore are 
then selected as affording the least danger to the delicate young fish. The fact that "numerous females 
captured at Karta Bay July 11 were all spent fish indicates that the spawning period is a brief one. 

The number of females seems to be in excess of the males. Of 90 fish examined at Fort Rupert, 66 
were females, and about the same proportion held elsewhere. The preponderance of females may, 
however, be more apparent than real. The males are considerably smaller than the females, and it 
may well be that some were overlooked in the mass of material resulting from each seine haul. 

The white surf-fish will take the hook, but is too small to be of much interest as a game fish. It 
is said to be a very fair pan fish. 

67. Taeniotoca lateralis (Agassiz 1. Blur Perch; Striped Surf-fish. 

The only example seen was seined at Kilisut Harbor, July 1. Color in life, reddish brassy, greenish 
on head and back: side and back with many narrow, pale bluish lines, half width of brassy interspaces; 
underparts paler brassy: fins dusky brassy. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



279 



68. Dam.alich.thys argyrosomus (Girard). White Viviparous Perch; Porgee. 

This species was found at Diamond Point, Kilisut Harbor, and Marrowstone Point, June 27 and 
July 1; Taylor Bay, Gabriola Island, June 20; and Union Bay, Vancouver Island, June 23. It was not 
abundant anywhere, but was most common at Union Bay. A female examined at Gabriola Island was 
14 inches long and contained 23 young, each about 1.9 inches long. Four other examples measured 
were 2.75, 5.25, 4.75, and 6.5 inches long, respectively. 

A specimen 2.62 inches long has the pectorals dark, almost black; anal anteriorly dusky; caudal 
dusky at base, and a conspicuous black spot about the middle of the dorsal. 




Fig. 28. — Damalichthys argyrosomus (Girard). 

Family 30. SCORPiENID^. The Scorpion-fishes. 

69. Sebastolobus alascanus (Bean). 

The collection contains 11 specimens of this species, the localities represented being stations 4238 
to 4241 (Behm Canal) and 4302 (Sumner Strait, off Shakan). The depths range from 169 to 256 fathoms. 
The specimens range in length from 3.4 to 23 inches. 

Dorsal xvi in 8 specimens, xvn in 3. In two small examples (3.4 and 5 inches total length) the 
black spots on the spinous dorsal are quite distinct and the pectorals are marbled with black and white. 
The ventrals also are dusky, and the soft dorsal of the smaller specimen is dusky, and has 3 or 4 small 
roundish white spots. Two adults (nos. 2878 and 2879) taken at station 4238, in Behm Canal, were, 
in life, bright rose-red all over, paler below, especially on lower parts of head; fins all red; caudal with 
some black on outer parts of membranes; pectoral also with some black on interradial membranes; 
inside of opercle rose-color. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) from Albatross station 2853, off Trinity Islands. Recorded 
also by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3227, 3324, 3330 to 3332, and 3337 to 3340, in Bering Sea, north of 
Unalaska Island, or in the north Pacific! southeast of Unimak Island. 

This species reaches a length of 2 feet or more. Its range extends from California to Bering Sea. 
It is usually found in rather deep water, 100 to 800 fathoms. Its flesh is palatable and the species should 
be of some value as a food fish. 



280 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
70. Sebastolobus altivelis Gilbert. 



Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3338, south of the Alaskan Peninsula. Xo other 
specimens have been taken in Alaskan waters, but it has been found to be almost equally abundant with 
S. alascanus off the coast of California as far south at least as San Diego, in relatively deep water. It 
reaches a foot in length. 




Fig. 29.— Sebastolobus altivelis Gilbert. 
71. Sebastodes paucispinis (Ayres). Boccacio. 

This species occurs from San Diego to Barclay Sound, British Columbia, in rather deep water. We 
have one specimen 8 inches long, from Barclay Sound, collected by the Albatross September 27, 1888. 
The species reaches a length of 2.5 feet and a weight of several pounds. 




Fig. 30.— Sebastodes melanops (Girard). 

72. Sebastodes melanops i Girard). Sitka "Black Bass." 

This species was obtained at Xanaimo. in the surface tow-net, at Sitka, Xaha Bay, and Port McArthur 
with hook and line, and by Mr. Butter at Karluk. Four specimens were seined at Metlakahtla, and 
several were seen at Shakan. They range in length from 6.5 to 15.25 inches. We have examined also an 
example 8.5 inches long collected by the Albatross at Barclay Sound, British Columbia, September 23, 
1888, and also 2 specimens 7.5 and 8.5 inches long collected in 1893 at St. Paul, Kodiak, and 7 others 
6 to 13.5 inches long collected in 1897 at Redfish Bay and Hunter Bay. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



281 



The range of this species is from Monterey Bay to Kodiak Island, it being most abundant northward. 
It reaches a length of 18 to 20 inches. Bean (1882) has recorded it from Sitka and St. Paul, Kodiak. 

These fish take the hook freely and afford some sport as game fish. At Sitka July 28 they were biting 
well and many were caught from the wharf. Pieces of meat were used for bait and the fish were found in 
water 6 to 18 feet deep. They usually take the hook rather quietly and at first make a pretty good 
fight, but soon give up and allow themselves to be lifted out of the water without much struggle. 
They are therefore a "boy's fish," which will not appeal strongly to the experienced angler, but they 
are good food fish and bear a certain resemblance to the black bass ( Micropterus) . Color in life, olive- 
brown, blotched with dirty red. 

73. Sebastodes ciliatus (Tilesius). 

Two specimens, 3.75 and 7.25 inches long, from station 4285 in ChignikBay. These have 14 dorsal 
spines each. In all other respects they agree perfectly with a large specimen (no. 2865), 13 inches long, 
taken with hook and line at Loring, July 7. We have also 3 specimens 12 to 13.5 inches long collected 




Fig. 31.— Sebastodes ciliatus (Tilesius). 



by the Albatross in 1897 at Redfish Bay and Killisnoo. The species is now known from Kodiak Island, 
Aleutian Islands, Chignik Bay, Loring, Mary Island, Tolstoi Bay, Nakat Harbor, and Port Chester. 

As our 13-inch specimen is more than twice the size of those upon which current descriptions were 
based, we give the following notes on it: Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.8; oblique rows of scales 60, plus 
a few small scales on base of caudal fin; pores 50; eye 4 in head, equaling snout; interorbital width about 
equaling eye; fifth dorsal spine 2.75 in head. 

Our examples have been compared with the 3 small specimens from Kodiak in the National 
Museum and one 7.5 inches long collected by the Albatross at Kodiak Island, August 14, 1888, with 
which they agree. 

Epinephelus ciliatus Tilesius, Mem. Ac. Sci. St.Petersb., iv, 1810, 474, "Camtschaticus et Americanus": no defin- 
ite locality given, probably from about Kodiak Island. 

Perca variabilis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., in, 241, 1811, Aleutian Islands. (Type in museum of Berlin; red exam- 
ples of S. aleutianus included as the summer coloration.) 



282 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



74. Sebastodes mystinus Jordan & Gilbert. Black Rockfish. 

One specimen (no. 1370) 14 inches long, collected by the Albatross at Attu Island in 1893, and 2 others 
(no. 2165 and 2166), each 15 inches long, collected by the same vessel at Killisnoo. The species ranges 
from the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, and about San Francisco. is the most abundant of the family. 
It occurs in shallow water and reaches a length of about 14 inches. 




Fig. 32. — Sebastodes mystinus Jordan & Gilbert. 
75. Sebastodes brevispinis (Bean). 

One fine specimen 14| inches long (no. 2864), taken on hook at Loring by Mr. F. M. Chamberlain 
in July. Dorsal xm, 14; anal in, 7 ; 61 pores in lateral line; only the nasal, preocular, and parietal spines 
present; mandible apparently naked; gillrakers 10 + 25, the longest 1.75 in eye. 

The collection contains also 4 other specimens which we refer to this species, seined at Metlakahtla, 
July 10. They are each about 4 inches in length and agree in all essentials with the large specimen. 




Fig. 33.— Sebastodes brevispinis (Bean). 

Each of them, however, shows a very distinct black spot on the membranes of the ninth to thirteenth 
dorsal spines; colors otherwise agreeing with the large examples. 

Originally described by Be?,n (1884) as Sebastichthys proriger brevispinis from Hassler Harbor. 

This is a rare species, as yet known only from the type and the 5 specimens here recorded. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 283 

76. Sebastodes alutus Gilbert. 

The collection contains 20 specimens of this species, representing the following localities: Dredging 
stations 3486, 3489, 3490, 3449, 3459,-4223, 4227, 4228 (4 specimens), 4249, (tag no. 2898), 4253 (tag no. 
2905), 4283, 4284 (3 specimens), 4285, 4289 (5 small specimens and one large example no. 3000), 4290 
(tag no. 2995), and 4292. These specimens range in length from 4.4 to 15 inches. We have also exam- 
ined 8 small specimens 3 to 5 inches long dredged among the Santa Barbara Islands at station 2840, and 
2 specimens (paper tag no. 110 and 111), each about 4.5 inches long, from Albatross station 3599, 
June 9, 1894, in Bering Sea. These specimens had a number of parasites upon them. 

All these specimens agree in the main with the excellent original description of the species. Speci- 
men no. 2898, 9.25 inches long, from Eastern Passage (vicinity of Stikine River Delta), shows some 
differences, the body being more slender, the eye larger, snout longer, maxillary longer, and the mandible 
more projecting. It gives the following measurements: Head 2.75; depth 3.5; eye 3.1; snout 4.4; 
maxillary 2.1; dorsal xni, 15; anal in, 8; gillrakers 10 + 28. 

The young differ somewhat from the adult. The following detailed description is based on a speci- 
men (no. 97) 4.5 inches long from station 4285: Head 2.8 in body; depth 3.5; eye 3.1 in head; maxillary 
2.2; mandible 1.8; snout 4; interorbital 4.8; dorsal xm, 15 ; analm, 8; ventralsi, 5; pectorals 18; pores 
47+1 on tail, about 51 transverse series of scales. 




Fig. 34. — Sebastodes alutus Gilbert. 

Body ovate, compressed, both dorsal and ventral outlines gently curved; head moderate; mouth 
medium, slightly oblique, the tip of premaxillary on a level with pupil, the gape extending to under 
nostril ; maxillary extending to a little beyond vertical at middle of orbit ; mandible to posterior margin 
of pupil; teeth minute, in narrow bands on palatines, a triangular patch on vomer, bands on upper jaw 
terminating anteriorly in rounded lobes, leaving a vacant space at symphysis, the teeth each side of 
vacant space slightly enlarged; band on lower jaw narrow, the symphyseal patch somewhat raised and 
its teeth somewhat enlarged, this patch fitting into the vacant space above; lower jaw slightly projecting, 
entering profile, a small symphyseal knob; tongue rather large, fleshy, acute; buccal cavity rather 
pale; interorbital space tolerably broad, 1.5 in eye, and very slightly concave; cranial ridges rather 
sharp and tolerably well defined, the following spines present: nasal, preorbital, supraorbital, postorbital, 
tympanic and parietal, all these small, but stout and sharp; a stout humeral spine; opercular 
spines two, triangular, united at base; preopercular spines five, rather stout. Scales on jaws, cheeks, 
and occiput, a barren patch above suborbital stay; scales on body very weakly ctenoid, as are those 
on occiput; scales on jaws, cheeks, and breast cycloid. Dorsal fin rather low, its longest (fifth) spine 
2.45 in head, longest ray about 3 in head (probably broken); base of fin about 1.8 in body, its origin 
above tip of opercular flap; distance from tip of snout to origin about 2.9 in body; fin membranes some- 
what incised, leaving about one-third of the spines exserted; border of fin not deeply emarginate; anal 
not high, length of longest ray 2.1 in head, the base the same length; second anal spine longest, not 
conspicuously stouter than others, its tip reaching slightly beyond tip of third spine but not to tip of 



284 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



nearest rays: ventrals rather narrow, acute, length 1.6 in head, tips not reaching vent by quite a percep- 
tible distance: pectorals rather broad, acute, 1.25 in head, tips reaching nearly to vent, lower 9 rays 
very slightly thickened, not branched, upper rays branched; caudal 1.55 in head, apparently truncate; 
gill cavity somewhat dusky: gillrakers 11 +25, rather long and slender, 1.9 in eye; peritoneum black. 
Color in alcohol, light yellowish-brown above, somewhat silvery below; occiput, line along base of 
dorsal, and spot on opercle dusky; dorsal more or less dusky, the edge of the membrane blackish. 

77. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). Orange Rockfish. 

One specimen 5 inches long from station 4220 in Admiralty Inlet, July 1. It is a female with well 
advanced eggs. 

Head 3.25 in body; depth 3; eye 3.5 in head; maxillary 2.1; dorsal xm, 14; anal in, 7; scales 45. 

A specimen 4.5 inches long from station 4193. Dorsal xm, 14; head 3; eye 3; gillrakers 12 + 26, 
long and slender. 

Another example 3.5 inches long from station 4205. 

This species reaches a length of 2 feet or more and ranges from San Diego to Puget Sound. 




Fig. 35.— Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). 
78. Sebastodes aleutianus Jordan & Evermann. (PI. xvi.) 
This species is certainly known only from the type locality, Shelikof Strait, off Kodiak Island. 

79. Sebastodes saxicola (Gilbert). 

Two specimens 2.5 and 2.75 inches long seined at Metlakahtla, and 3 others, 2.5, 4.25, and 6 inches, 
dredged at station 4228 (Xaha Bay). 

Head 3; eyes 2.75; snout 4; interorbital 4; pores 43; scales about 50; dorsal xm, 14; anal in, 7; 
gillrakers 11+23, long and slender, 2 in eye. 

An example 9 inches long from station 3129, off the coast of central California, March 13, 1890, 
has the head 2.75; snout 4.25; depth 3.2; gillrakers 10+23, 2.1 in eye; eye 3.2. Longest dorsal spine 
2.5 in head. 

Another example (paper tag no. 102), from Barclay Sound, had the gillrakers 9+22, long and 
slender, 2.2 in eye. 

We have compared our specimens with others in the National Museum and find them identical. 

This fish ranges from southern California to southeast Alaska in waters of moderate depth. It 
reaches a foot in length. 



Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



•XVI. 



w 



mi 



mm 




w 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



285 



80. Sebastodes swifti Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 2.65 in body; depth 3.1; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4.2; maxillary 2; mandible 1.8; interorbital 
about 2 in eye, 6 in head; dorsal xm, 13; anal in, 7; scales 42 in oblique series, about 32 pores. 

Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the dorsal and ventral contours gently curved, the dorsal sloping 
rather gently both ways from the nape; caudal peduncle rather slender, its least depth 1.15 in eye; 
head large, bluntish; interorbital space rather narrow, somewhat concave, a pronounced ridge inside 
of each supraocular ridge; nasal, preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal, nuchal, and 
coronal spines all present, rather strong; preorbital narrow, with two broad flat lobes on the upper 
half; two broad flat humeral spines; opercular spines strong, somewhat diverging; preopercular spines 
moderately strong, the second longest, the first, second, and third projecting backward, but somewhat 
diverging, the fourth and fifth short and blunt, projecting downward and backward, all about equally 
spaced; teeth in rather narrow villiform bands on both jaws and palatines, a triangular patch on vomer; 
the band of teeth on upper jaw broadening to rounded lobes anteriorly, leaving a small, naked interspace 
at the symphysis into which the symphyseal knob of the lower jaw fits; the tongue small, short, and 
broadly rounded; maxillary reaching vertical at posterior edge of pupil, its width at the tip 2 in eye; 
lower jaw scarcely projecting; the mouth somewhat oblique; premaxillary on a level with lower edge 
of pupil; gillrakers.8+21, rather long and slender, the longest about 2 in eye. Dorsal long, its origin 




Fig. 36.— Sebastodes swifti Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 

a little in front of the rounded opercular flap, the distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal equaling 
the length of head; base of dorsal about 1.8 in length of body; dorsal spines moderately strong, curved, 
the longest about equaling distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; dorsal rays somewhat shorter; 
notch between spinous and soft dorsal not pronounced; second anal spine strong, curved, about equal- 
ing the third in length; ventrals short, not reaching vent; pectorals long, reaching vertical at vent; 
scales rather adherent, finely ctenoid; top of head, opercles, cheek, and maxillary scaled; mandible 
naked. 

Color in alcohol, pinkish-brown, with indistinct, dusky, black patch above lateral line; cheek 
somewhat dusky, a black patch on upper edge of opercle and a smaller one at lower end; axil black; 
dorsal, anal, caudal, and ventrals tipped with black; inside of mouth pale; under side of opercle 
posterior to pseudobranchice with a black patch. 

This species appears to be related to Sebastodes crameri, from which it differs in the narrower and 
more concave interorbital, the stronger ridges on the head, the stronger cranial spines, the presence 
of coronal spines, the smaller eye, the longer maxillary, the less strongly arched body, and the fewer 
pores in the lateral line. 



286 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Our collection contains two specimens — the type, no. 57821, U. S. National Museum (field no. 
2872), 6.25 inches long, from Albatross station 4234 in Yes Bay, Alaska; and the cotype, no. 2893 (no. 
5228, Bureau of Fisheries). 3.5 inches long, from Albatross station 4246, Kasaan Bay, Alaska. 

This species is named in honor of the late Lieut. Franklin Swift, U. S. Navy, the efficient com- 
mander of the Albatross during the Alaska investigations in 1903. 

81. Sebastodes diploproa (Gilbert). 

The collection contains 2 small specimens (no. 2784 and 2785), 3.25 and 3.5 inches long, dredged 
at station 4191, in Nanaimo Harbor, June 19. We have also examined a specimen (no. 101) 6.75 inches 
long, collected by the Albatross in 1890, probably off the California coast. 

No. 27S4 in life was light red, brownish on back, coppery on head; belly below lateral line abruptly 
silvery, scarcely washed with red; back with 5 obscure dull orange saddles, very diffuse, extending 
below lateral line, the one below soft dorsal broadest; head all red, the opercle with many dark dots; 
dorsal red, slightly orange shaded, pinkish at tips, the soft dorsal with a black cross-blotch about half- 
way up from behind third to sixth soft ray; black on membranes, not on rays; caudal faint orange, 
base reddish, tips pale; anal like soft dorsal, the black blotch fainter, larger, from behind second spine 
to third soft ray; pectoral and ventral pinkish-red; inside of mouth red; gill-cavity white; peritoneum 
black. 

Head 2.75 in length; depth 3.1; eye 3.3 in head; snout 5.1; maxillary 2.25; mandible 1.9; inter- 
orbital 1.5 in eye, 4.5 in head; dorsal xiii, 12; anal in, 8; pores in lateral line 34 to 41. Nasal, pre- 
ocular. postocular, tympanic, and parietal spines present, all well developed; preorbital with 2 blunt 
diverging spines; 2 small humeral spines; gillrakers 11+23, long and slender, 2 in eye. 

No. 2785 has more black on second dorsal, less on anal; membranes of spinous dorsal dusky edged; 
a little dusky on upper edge of opercle; general color light brick red, the belly abruptly silvery. 

These specimens have been compared with the types in the National Museum, with which they 
are found to agree. 

The species reaches a length of a foot or less, and occurs on our Pacific coast from the Coronado 
Islands northward to Nanaimo. 

82. Sebastodes intronig-er (Gilbert). 

One small specimen 2.75 inches long, dredged at station 4243, in Kasaan Bay, agrees in most respects 
with the original description of this species. 

Head 2.75; eye, 2.75; dorsal xiii, 14; anal in, 6; scales about 45, 31 pores; gillrakers 8+20, rather 
long and slender, 2 in eye. 

Four specimens, 3.85 to 4.75 inches long from station 4223, in Boca de Quadra. These do not show 
the black gill-cavity and mouth which introniger is said to have. We have one other specimen, no. 
1088, 20 inches long, dredged at station 3324, Bering Sea, August, 1890. The species has also been 
recorded from Bering Sea at stations 3311, 3317, 3324, and 3331 (Gilbert 1895). The known range of 
this fish is from Santa Barbara to Bering Sea, in waters of moderate depth. 

83. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer. Red Rock Cod; Red Rockfish. (PI. xlii.) 

The collection contains 1 large specimen (no. 2868) 12 inches long from Boca de Quadra, where 
it was caught on hook and line, July 5, at a considerable depth. When brought to the surface its stomach 
had been thrown out into its mouth. This specimen agrees with current descriptions. (The colored 
painting was made from life, from an example about 2 feet long, taken at Loring, where the species 
is not uncommon.) 

Gillrakers 9+18, short, rough, clavate, 3 in eye, first 5 on short arm and last 7 on long arm mere 
tubercles. Head 2.6; depth 2.6; eye 4.5; dorsal xiii, 15; anal in, 7; scales 50, pores 44; maxillary 2.1; 
mandible 1.66. 

We have also 3 specimens 18, 19, and 14 inches long, collected respectively at Hunter' Bay, Mary 
Island, and Mink Arm, and a specimen 19 inches long collected in Union Bay. The species has been 
recorded by Bean (1882), as Sebastichthys ruber, from off Point Bingham; Jacobi Island; Gulf of Alaska; 
and Kygani Strait. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 287 

The red rockfish is one of the largest of the family. It attains a length of more than 2 feet and a 
weight of many pounds. As a food fish it is of considerable importance, the flesh being fairly firm and 
of good flavor, and it takes the baited hook freely and possesses some game qualities. It is known to 
occur from San Diego to Boca de Quadra and Loring in southeast Alaska in moderate depths. 

84. Sebastodes rosaceus (Girard). Orange-red Rockfish. 

Two specimens (no. 2822 and 2823), 5.2 and 9 inches long, seined near Marrowstone Point, June 29, 
and 1 example (paper tag no. 105), 9.5 inches long, collected by the Albatross at station 2887, off the 
coast of Oregon, October 19, 1888. 

The membranes of the dorsal and anal fins are deeply incised, being very different from all other 
species with which we are acquainted. In the soft dorsal and anal the interradial membranes do not 
reach more than two-fifths of the length of the rays. We have compared our specimens with 9 others 
from Santa Barbara and find that some of the latter show the same structure, though the majority show 
little or no incision of these membranes. 

This species reaches a length of a foot or more and is a good pan fish. Its range extends from San 
Diego to Puget Sound. 

85. Sebastodes rupestris (Gilbert). 

The collection contains 3 specimens 4.75 to 6 inches long (nos. 2906-8) from station 4253, in Stephens 
Passage, and one 6 inches long from station 4231 in Behm Canal. The last specimen has 14 spines in 
the dorsal, but in all other respects it agrees with the other specimens. Maxillary in all three specimens 
reaches to posterior margin of pupil; gillrakers 9+16 (+4 tubercles), more numerous than usually given 
in descriptions. 

Comparison of our specimens with the types shows no imporant differences. The black on the fins 
in the types has faded, while in ours it is still very distinct. Ours also have a large dark opercular spot 
not mentioned in the description of the types. We have also compared our specimens with the types of 
Sebastichthys aurora and find them to agree fully. We are unable to discover any characters by means 
of which they can be distinguished, and are therefore compelled to unite these two nominal species. 
S. rupestris as here understood ranges from the Santa Barbara Islands northward to Southeast Alaska 
(Stephens Passage and Behm Canal). 

Sebastichthys rupestris Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890 (July 1), 76, Albatross station 2946, in 150 fathoms 

off southern California. 
Sebastichthys aurora Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xm, 1890 (July 1), 80, Albatross stations 2948 and 2960, in 266 and 

267 fathoms, off southern California. 

86. Sebastodes dalli (Eigenmann & Beeson). 

A single specimen (no. 2820), 8 inches long, taken on hook at Union Bay, June 23. It appears to 
agree with S. dalli, except that the maxillary is closely scaled on the posterior half. 

Gillrakers 7+18, longest 2 in eye, the first 5 on the short limb blunt and rough-tubercular, the last 
8 on the long arm similar. Scales 61 or 62, about 45 in oblique series along lower portion of side; head 
3; depth 3; eye 4.5; snout 4.5; interorbital a little less than eye. 

Dorsal 13; anal 6; dorsal spines 1.75 in head; nasal, postocular, preocular, tympanic, and parietal 
spines present; coronal spine on right side and nuchal spine on right side present; a small humeral spine 
present; preorbital with one broad spine. Mandible naked; maxillary closely scaled on posterior half. 

The only specimens previously known are the type (from San Francisco) and another from Vancouver 
Island. 

87. Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson). 

We have 15 specimens 2 to 5.5 inches long collected by Osgood and Heller at Queen Charlotte 
Island, July, 1900; one specimen (no. 1820), 10.5 inches long, collected in 1895 in Klemtoo Harbor; one 
11.5 inches long obtained by the Albatross at Sitka in 1896; one 9.5 inches long by Luttrell at Sitka; one 
20 inches long collected at station 3449, off Washington; 19 specimens collected near Seattle in 1903 by 



288 



BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF FISHERIES. 



Mr. J. E. Todd, and 2 by Mr. Chamberlain at Bolonii in 1 903. The species has also been recorded by Bean 
(1882) from Old Sitka and Chacon and (1884) from Mary Island. It was described originally from Sitka. 
Interorbital flat; gillrakers 9+19, the longest 2 in orbit, the last six on lower limb mere tubercles, 
the first four on vertical limb short, rough, and somewhat clavate. 

Sebastodes caurinus, Osgood, North American Fauna No. 21, September 26, 1901, p. 20 (Queen Charlotte Islands). 




Fig. 37.— Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson). 

88. Sebastodes maliger (Jordan & Gilbert). Yellow-backed Rockfish. 

Two specimens (nos. 108 and 309), 6.5 and 7.5 inches long, seined at Union Bay, June 22, and 2 
caught on hook at same place June 23; also 2 (nos. 2954 and 2955), 8.5 and 9.5 inches long, taken on 




Fig. 38.— Sebastodes maliger (Jordan & Gilbert). 

hook at Sitka, July 28; 5 specimens, 12.5 to 14 inches long, were taken by the Albatross at Mary Island; 
and a single specimen 13 inches long at Klemtoo Harbor in 1895. Two other specimens, one taken by 
Luttrell at Sitka and one by H. C. Fassett at Klawak. These all agree well with specimens in the 
National Museum. No. 2954 may be described as follows; 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



289 



Head 2.9; depth 2.9; eye 4; snout 4.1; maxillary 2; mandible 1.9; interorbital 5.25; dorsal xin, 
12: anal in. 6; gillrakers 8+19. rather stout, longest 2.75 in eye; scales 57, pores 48; longest dorsal 
spine 1.8 in head: longest dorsal rays 2.1 in head. In other specimens the gillrakers were 10+ 21 or 
10+19. 

Body short, stout, and deep: mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw not projecting, maxillary nearly 
reaching posterior border of orbit; mandible and maxillary not scaled; nasal, preocular, postocular. tym- 
panic and parietal spines present; nuchal, coronal, and supraocular spines absent; preorbital with 2 
broad, low points, not spine-like. 

This species is known to range from Monterey to Sitka in rather deep water, being abundant north- 
ward. It reaches a length of about 2 feet. It was also recorded from Sitka by Bean (1882) as 
Sebastiehthys maliger. 

89. Sebastodes nebulosus (Ayres). 

A small specimen (no. 112), 2.5 inches long, from station 4204. off Fort Rupert. We have also 2 
others, 11 and 12 inches long, taken by Mr. H. C. Fassett at Klawak in 1905. Bean (1884) records it 
from Mary Island. The following measurements are taken from the small example from station 4204: 

Head 2.75; depth 3.6; eye 2.9; dorsal xin, 13; anal in, 6; scales 45 to 47. about 42 pores; gill- 
rakers long and slender: nasal, preocular. postocular. tympanic, and parietal spines present. The color, 
however, does not exactly agree with that given for this species. Our specimen in alcohol is clayey 
white, mottled with large, irregular brown blotches, about 4 along side above lateral line. 2 or 3 
immediately below it. and 3 along lower part of side; spinous and soft dorsals similarly mottled. 

90. Sebastodes nig^ocinctus (Ayres). Black-banded Rockfish. 

Two specimens, 13 and 14 inches long, taken by Mr. H. C. Fassett at Klawak in 1905, and one 
specimen (no. 2863), 12 inches long, taken by Mr. Chamberlain on hook and line at Naha Bay, Loring, 
July 7. 1903. where he states that the species is common. This specimen gives the following meas- 
urements : 




Fig. 39.— Sebastodes nigrocinctus (Ayres). 

Head 2.65; depth 2.67; eye 4; dorsal xm, 14; anal m, 7; scales 52; pores 44; snout 4.5; gillrakers 
9 +21, stiff, rough, clavate, the longest 3.5 in eye, the terminal ones of each arm reduced to tubercles. 
It differs from typical examples in the following respects : There is a small supraocular spine on the 
left side; the mandible is pretty well covered with very minute, thin cycloid scales; the nuchal spines 
coalesce with the parietal. 

Color in life: Body blood red; cheek with a black stripe downward from front of eye to lower edge 
of cheek; another from eye backward and downward to branchiostegals; a large black blotch on upper 

B. B. F. 1906—19 



290 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

part of opercle; a broad black bar from front of dorsal downward to opercle, connecting with black 
opercular blotch; another and much broader from fifth to seventh dorsal spine nearly vertically down- 
ward to belly; another from ninth to twelfth dorsal spine to vent; two others from soft dorsal to soft 
anal, these fusing below; fins all red, the dorsal and anal encroached upon by the black sidebars; a 
short black area behind eye; base of pectoral blotched with blackish. 

This species reaches a length of 2 feet or more and is known to range from Monterey Bay to Naha 
Bay. Recorded (1884) by Bean from Mary Island. 

Family 31. AN0P10P0MATIM. 

91. Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas). Black Cod. 

The black cod, coalfish, beshow, or skil, as it is variously called, occurs on our Pacific Coast from 
Monterey Bay to the Aleutian Islands. It was taken by the Albatross at station 2869, in 1888, at Cordova 
Bay in 1897, and at Loring, Pyramid Harbor, and Taku Harbor in 1900. One specimen from each 
place is in the collection. Bean, in 1882, records it from Sitka and Wrangell and in 1884 from Hassler 
Harbor. We also have one specimen (no. 02825), 14 inches long, taken with hook and line over the 
rail off Fort Rupert (1903). 

This species is known at Loring and Taku as black cod ; at San Francisco it is called candle-fish, 
and on Puget Sound, horse mackerel; it is sometimes sold in the markets as Spanish mackerel; in the 
Straits of Fuca it is known as beshow by the Neah Bay Indians. It is found usually in rather deep 
water and is perhaps most abundant in the Puget Sound region. It is seen oftener in the Seattle 
markets than in those of any other place. It attains a length of 18 to 20 inches and a weight of 5 
pounds. 

As a food fish it occupies only a moderate rank, the flesh being rather dry and tasteless. On Puget 
Sound, however, where it reaches a larger size and is fatter than elsewhere, it is more highly esteemed, 
particularly by the Indians. It is said to feed on crustaceans, worms, and small fishes. As a game 
fish it is not without interest, taking the hook readily and making a fair fight. It can be taken with 
cut bait at depths from 2 to 15 fathoms. 

Family 32. HEXAGRAMM1M. The Greenlings. 

92. Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas). Atka Mackerel; Atka-fish. 

This interesting fish occurs in the North Pacific, chiefly among the Aleutian Islands. It was 
described originally by Pallas in 1810 from specimens obtained at Unalaska. Its center of abundance 




Fig. 40.— Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas). 

seems to be in the passages about the islands of Atka and Attu. It is known also from about the Pribilof 
Islands and eastward through the Aleutian Chain to Belkofski and the Shumagins. Stejneger found 
it at Saranskaya, Bering Island. Bean (1882) has recorded it from Unalaska, Chernofski, and Attu; 
Turner (1886) found it at Unalaska, Amlia Pass, Captains Harbor, Atka, and Attu; Gilbert (1895) lists 
it from Unalaska; and Evermann found it in abundance during the last week of May (1892) at Atka 
and Attu. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 291 

The best account of the habits of this fish is that given by Turner. It is so interesting and 
instructive that its republication, with some slight modification, is justified. Turner says: « 

When I arrived at Unalaska in 1878 I heard much talk about the "mackerel." During the summer 
of that year I had an opportunity of conversing with those who frequented the western islands of the 
Chain, where these fish were said to abound. Several persons referred to these fish as "Spanish 
mackerel," others called them "horse mackerel" and "Alaskan mackerel," and under several scientific 
names. They were served at the table on several occasions, and all who ate of them highly praised 
their good qualities and spoke* of their great resemblance in taste to the Atlantic mackerel. It was 
not until in May, 1879, that I had an opportunity of vis'fting the locality where they were said to. be 
abundant. 

During the summer of 1879 I was at Atka Island, and soon made inquiry concerning the fish. I 
was told that they make their appearance in the narrow pass between the islands of Atka and Amlia 
about the 1st of June, and that the fish invariably come from the Pacific Ocean, which here mingles 
its waters with that of Bering Sea. 

The first arrivals of fish are the males of largest size and beauty of color. They arrive a few days 
before and await the arrival of the females and immature males. 

By the 18th of June the fish have come in countless thousands. They arrange themselves with 
their heads toward the tide currents which rush violently through the pass. The flood tide sets in 
from the Pacific, while the ebb flows toward the Pacific, or, in other words, a southerly directed current 
for the ebb and a northerly directed current for the flood tide. The pass is very rocky, with numerous 
sunken rocks in the middle and on the eastern side. The western side of the pass has the deepest water 
and is 3 fathoms deep in the channel. On the north side of the pass numerous ledges of rocks, hidden 
rocks, kelp patches, and small islets of but few feet above the water's edge are to be found. It would 
be very difficult navigation for a vessel of over 20 tons to go through there with safety. The natives of 
the present day cross pretty well to the north side of the pass until they get under Amlia Island and then 
run near the shore of Amlia with their small bidari or open boats. 

Among the seaweeds or kelp patches on a cloudy day of clear lower atmosphere the fish may be seen 
in the following order : 

The young males and immature females form a stratum of three or four fish deep and several feet 
wide; beneath these a second stratum of older males and females, whose roe is not yet developed, and 
will later, in the spawning season, take their place with those in the third stratum, which is compcsed 
of vigorous males and females. The latter are the most abundant. The female deposits her eggs on 
the kelp, though much of it must doubtless be lost by the swift currents washing it off. These males 
and females remain in this place until the spawning season is over, generally by the 20th of July, after 
which they gradually disperse and quickly find their way back to the Pacific. Many times I have 
seen huge halibut lying like large flagstones beneath the lower stratum of fish, waiting for one to come 
within reach. Without moving a great distance I could see over a dozen halibut at a time. I estimated 
the weight of some of the larger ones to be not less than 350 pounds. 

The natives of Atka repair to this place and have several turf houses of small size built there. It 
is also a garden spot where a few vegetables, such as radishes, turnips, and a few potatoes, are planted. 
To attend to their gardens and to be near the fishing grounds the Aleuts of many places have built 
these summer villages. Here assemble all the old men not able to hunt and the children and women 
of the hunters gone off on a summer's cruise for sea otters. These lay in a store of dried and salted 
fish for their sons and friends. 

The natives obtain the greater number of the fish in the following manner: Each man has a two- 
holed bidarka (canoe). In it a small boy sits in the front hole while the old man sits in the rear hole. 
The man uses a pole of several feet in length (generally not less than 12 feet long), on which is firmly 
secured a hook of iron, having a flattened point with a sharp edge and a notch filed on the inner side 
to act as a barb. When the canoe arrives at the place the boy is ordered to seize hold of a strong frond 
of the giant kelp, which streams out sometimes for over a hundred feet, and among which the fish are 
most abundant. After coming thus to anchor the man carefully thrusts the pole into the water, and 
if the fish are plentiful he will soon feel them surging against it. He now begins to jerk it up and down 
in the water to gig any fish that may come along. In a few seconds he brings one out. The work 
now becomes exciting, for scarcely has the pole been again thrust in the water than it is jerked into 
another fish. A man may thus, in a couple of hours, take 200 to 300 fish. After the canoe is loaded 
it is taken to the shore, where the women slit open the back of the fish, take off the head, clean out the 
entrails, and with a cut on each side the backbone is removed to the tail. The two sides of the fish 
are left hanging together by the tail. This is to enable the fish to be hung over a pole to dry. Often 
the men bring the fish directly to the principal village and clean them there, though this is done more 
often when the fish are to be salted. At the season between June 25 and July 25 the fish are extremely 
fat from the abundance of a small crustacean, which has previously come in myriads to the same places 
as these fish. The fish which are to be dried are usually taken about the 1st of August, as they are so 
fat before that time that I have seen the oil drip from the drying fish. They also, from the presence 
of the oil, become rancid in a short time and are said not to keep so well. 

At Attu Island also I had an excellent opportunity for studying the habits of these fish. At this 
place the fish are most abundant at the entrance to Chichagof Harbor, on the northeast shoulder of the 

a Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska, by L. M. Turner, p. 96, Washington, 1886. 



292 BULLETIX OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

island. Several islets and many reefs are disposed nearly across the entrance to the harbor. Between 
these the tide currents rim with great velocity. An abundance of large kelp patches is found in the 
vicinity. The fish arrive at Attn, from the south west ward, about the 24th of April, though this date 
varies according to the openness of the season. It is rarely later than the 1st of May. The fish come 
at first in o. straggling manner, and their first appearance is made known by their being caught on hooks 
while the men are fishing for other kinds. The first comers are usually nearly adult males. They are 
not fat on arrival, but soon become so from the abundance of small crustaceans that fairly swarm among 
the patches of seaweed by the 10th of May, and at which time the fish are tolerably numerous. By the 
10th of June thousands of these fish can be seen in the shallow water (about 1J to 8 fathoms deep) below. 
The natives here take considerable quantities of these fish and dry them for use at an early date. They 
rarely salt them for the reason that, they state, this fish makes the consumer thirsty. When they go to 
catch them they visit the various localities known to be the haunts of these fish, and by'looking beneath 
the mass of kelp fronds can see them if present; if not, the fish are off in the open water. They then 
watch every floating piece of detached seaweed. It is constantly turning round and round, like in an 
eddy of water. The fish are playing with it, and there will be found an abundance. The gaff is quickly 
thrust into the water, and one is soon struck and brought out. 

I here had opportunity to come to the conclusion that these fish will bite readily at the hook. I saw 
them jump and struggle to get at the gaff and could feel them strike against it while it was in the water, 
and at times it was impossible to hold it in position, as the mass of moving fish carried it along with them. 

Any kind of fresh fish may be used as bait on a small cod hook for these fish. A piece of scarlet 
flannel tied above the hook is good to attract the fish, as they will then bite voraciously. 

With a hook a person can catch the fish as fast as put into the water. With the use of several hooks 
on one line, several fish may be taken at once. With the gaff the fish are taken in great quantities, equal 
to all demands. The run lasts at Attu until July 25, after which the fish are spent and slowly disappear 
from the waters. 

These fish were not known at Attu previous to 1875. They came unexpectedly and were caught on 
hooks set for other fish. Since that time the people have had an abundance of them. From my own 
observations I am led to assert that 500 barrels of 200 pounds each can be procured at Attu in the season 
from June 1 to July 31. At the entrance to Chichagof Harbor is the only known locality at Attu where 
these fish resort. The natives assert that the coming of these fish was coincident with the disappearance 
of the sea lion (Eumetopias stelleri), and those natives maintain that the fish drove the sea lions off — just 
opposite to my own conclusions, for I think the fish come to those places where they will be least perse- 
cuted by the sea lions. 

These fish are also reported to be abundant at Kiska Island, between the islands of AtkaandAdak; 
also between Unalga and Unalaska, and also in the passes between some of the Shumagin Islands. I saw 
a few individuals in Captains Harbor, Unalaska Island, in the early part of July, 1881. This is the first 
instance of their occurrence in that locality. They were small in size and of the size which constitutes 
the upper stratum as spoken of in regard to the disposition of the fish on the spawning grounds of Amlia 
Pass. 

This fish could be easily taken in great quantities, especially at Amlia Pass and Attu. Some writers 
of Alaskan affairs have mentioned exorbitant prices paid for a barrel of salted fish of this kind. They can 
be prepared at a cost of S2 per barrel for the fish at either Attu or Amlia. The cost of the barrel and salt, 
of course, is to be added. Only the necessary sheds for protecting the barrels from the weather would 
have to be erected. Native help could be procured at a cost of $1 per day for a man and 50 to 75 cents 
per day for the women, who can clean the fish as expertly as the men. 

This species appeared at Atka about May 15, 1892, the large ones coming first. Natives stated 
that the fish are always found in the kelp and that they disappear late in September and early in October. 
They sometimes come into the harbor even in front of the village. Small ones, half the size of the 
largest, appear in July. Sea lions killed at various times throughout the winter frequently have their 
stomachs filled with Atka mackerel; hence it is believed these fish remain about the islands all the 
year. Captain Lennon found Atka mackerel in stomachs of fur seals taken in Bering Sea in July. They 
evidently spawn in June. Numerous females examined May 28 were found with nearly ripe roe, the 
eggs being about the size of no. 6 shot. 

There is no other fish of the Aleutian Islands, whether in salt water or fresh, that is so interesting 
to the angler as the Atka mackerel. In the first place it is a most beautiful fish, with its alternating 
broad bands of glossy black and chrome yellow and its trim form; and its game qualities are of no 
mean order. It takes the hook readily and makes a good fight. The usual method of taking it is by 
"jigging." On May 28, 1892, the senior author had excellent sport catching these fish near the mouth 
of the bay at Attu. Three hooks tied together in a bunch were used, and just above them was tied 
a piece of white muslin. The line was weighted so that the hooks would descend quickly. When 
they had reached the bottom, or near it, they would be jerked up and down and the fish, striking at 
the muslin, would be hooked or would catch the hook in their mouths. The lines would be let down 
through the kelp in water 15 to 25 feet deep. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



293 



The fish were in schools and it was easy to get great numbers; in fact, one would be kept busy 
hauling in the fish and taking them off the hook. Usually they were near the bottom when the fish- 
ing began, but they soon became greatly excited and would come near the surface, where they could be 
seen swimming about as if greatly disturbed and evidently searching for the piece of white muslin 
which had attracted their attention. When first hooked they would come up very readily; in fact, 
they seemed to swim upward until near the surface when they would become alarmed and dart back 
and forth in their efforts to free themselves. Then the sport was very exciting. 

The Atka mackerel reaches a length of 18 inches and a weight of 3 or 4 pounds. The average 
weight of 585 fish was about 2J pounds and the maximum 3| pounds. 

Commercially this species has never come into the prominence which its excellence as a food fish 
justifies. As a fresh fish it is delicious either baked or fried. It takes salt well, and in that con- 
dition is a very palatable and nutritious article of food. There seems to be no good reason why an 
important fishery should not be established. 

93. Hexagrammos decagrammus (Pallas). Rock Trout. 

Four specimens 3 to 8 inches long, collected at Sucia Island, Gulf of Georgia, May 6, 1894. No. 
2230-2233 and 2235, each about 14 inches long, collected by the Albatross in Redfish Bay, Baranof 
Island, September 6, 1897, showing the Wo distinct color patterns, and no. 1729 (1763), a specimen 
13 inches long, collected at Sitka by Luttrell. 




Fig. 41.— Hexagrammos decagrammus (Pallas). 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Sitka; Old Sitka; Chatham Strait; and Unalaska, and in 1884 from 
Tolstoi Bay. Nelson (1887), Unalaska. 

This species, also called boregat and bodieron by the Russians, ranges from Point Conception to 
Kodiak Island. It is most abundant southward and is common at San Francisco.- It attains a length 
of 18 inches and is a good food fish. 

94. Hexagrammos octogrammus (Pallas). Alaska Greenling. 

This species has been obtained by the Albatros at Uganuk Bay, Kodiak Island (1897), Attu Island, 
Sucia Island, and Akutan Bay (1894), Tareinski Harbor, and Unalaska, LitnikBay (1900). Bean has 
recorded it (1882) as H. ordinatus from Old Sitka, from Popoff Island (Shumagin Group), and Iliuliuk 
and Chernofski; and Nelson (1887) records it from Unalaska. It has been recorded also from Petro- 
paulski, from Robben Island, andlturup Island. In 1903 the Albatross seined an example (no. 2971) 
9.5 inches long at Uyak Bay, another (no. 2976) 10 inches long at Snug Harbor, and one 10.25 inches long 
at Union Bay. An example (no. 151) 4.25 inches long from Tareinski Harbor shows plainly the black 
humeral spot and 7 black transverse bars on anal fin; supraoccipital flap very small, about equal to 
pupil; a few white spots on side. 



294 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE FISHERIES. 



The center of abundance of this species seems to be among the Aleutian Islands, and its ranee 
extends westward to Petropaulski and Robben Island and south to Sitka. The species attains a length 
of a foot or more and is a good pan fish. 




Fig. 42. — Hexagram m os ocTogramnras (Pallas . 
95. Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius. Greenling. 

This sj - —ems to be rather common all along the coast of Alaska, specimens having been taken, 
with hook or seine at Marrowstone Point; Otter Bay. Sucia Island: Alert Bay, Union Bay. Kilisut Har- 
bor. Metlakahtla. Cleveland Passage. Loring. Skagway. Sitka. KMisnoo. and LitnikBay. 

The specimens taken were chiefly small ones, the smallest being 3 inches long — one each from 
Litnik Bay and Ankau River, the largest 13.5 inches long from Litnik Bay: another specimen. 13.25 
inches long, is from Marrowstone Point. 

The specimen from Marrowstone Point had in life back and side olivaceous with paler greenish spots: 
side with about 8 darker vertical bars, these ill defined: head greenish olivaceous: belly and under parts 




\VvA 
Fig. 43. — Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius. 

yellowish, dusted with dusky- greenish: dorsal olivaceous, with small yellowish spots more or less coales- 
cing and large blackish areas near base: caudal orange red: anal with 6 oblique lemon bars, separating 
broader darker bars, edge of fin bluish reddish: pectoral reddish yellow, barred with darker: ventral pale 
yellowish with reddish tinge. The young are much blotched and mottled with bars on the side. These 
markings tend to disappear in the larger examples, leaving the color in alcohol uniform brownish. 

Th :.as also been recorded as HJexagramua taper Nelson -1887 from St. Michael. Bean 

is it from Sitka; Port Mulgrave. Yakutat Bay; Refuge Cove. Cook Inlet: St. Paul. Kodiak; 
Unalaska. Atka. St. Michael, and Port Clarence. Gilbert - atione 3228, 3220. 3231 to 3234, 

3241, 3243. and 3245 in Bristol Bay. 

Th- .nges from Kamchatka and Unalaska to San Francisco, being perhaps most abundant 

in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of a foot and is of value as a food fish. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
96. Hexagrammos superciliosus (Pallas). Red Rock Trout. 



295 



Three specimens, 11 to 14.63 inches long, obtained by Mr. Rutter at Karluk, where another 18.5 
inches long, was collected in 1893 by the Albatross. We have also examined Nelson's (1887) specimens 
from Kyska; Akutan Bay; Pvedfish Bay, and Unalaska; Bean's from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat 
Bay; Amchitka; St. Paul, Kodiak Island; Chernofski, and Attu; and Gilbert's (1895) from Makushin 
and Chernofski Bays, Unalaska Island and stations 3244 and 3245 in Bristol Bay. 




Fig. 44.— Hexagrammos superciliosus (Pallas). 

We fail to find any differences in the supraocular flap of this species and that of octogrammus. Dr. 
Gilbert says it may be distinguished from octogrammus by the larger flap, smoother scales, and deeper 
notch in the dorsal. The deeper notch in the dorsal and the complete fourth lateral line in supercili- 
osus are the only marked differences we can find in our specimens. The specimen from Redfish Bay is 
very highly colored with large white spots and bars, the spots being on base of pectoral and lower part of 
body, the bars running irregularly over body and head. 

This species ranges from Bering Sea to Monterey Bay but is most abundant northward. It grows to 
a length of nearly 2 feet and is a palatable food fish. 

97. Hexagrammos lagocephalus (Pallas). (PL xv, fig. 2.) 

The home of this species is in the western parts of Bering Sea. It is known to occur about Bering, 
Robben, and Iturup islands. The only specimen known from Alaskan waters was obtained at Attu in 
1894 by the Albatross. It is no. 1665, U. S. National Museum, and is 19 inches long. 




Fig. 45.— Ophiodon elongatus Girard. 
98. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. Cultus Cod. 

Recorded from Sitka by Bean in 1882. 

Three small examples, 4 to 5 inches long, from Port Townsend; one (no. 02832), 12.5 inches long, 
from Marrowstone Point. The species was also seen at Quarantine Station, Union Bay; Port Alexander; 
Sitkoh Bay; and Loring. It was taken both in the seine and with hook and line. We also have a speci- 
men 12 inches long taken by the Albatross at Port Etches, Prince William Sound, 1897. 

The cultus cod occurs on our west coast from Santa Barbara northward to Prince William Sound, and 
is abundant throughout most of its range. It reaches a length of nearly 4 feet and a weight of 30 to 40 



296 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



pounds. Although not a high-grade food fish, its size and abundance make it a species of considerable 
commercial importance. As a game fish also it is of interest, taking the hook freely and affording much 
sport to the angler. 

99. Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard. 

This monotypic species is abundant in rather deep water from San Francisco northward at least 
as far as Puget Sound. We have 31 specimens 5 to 7.5 inches long collected by J. P. Todd near Seattle, 
1903. It reaches a length of a foot and is a slender fish of dry, firm substance and singular form, little 
valued as food. 




Fig. 46.— Oxylebius pictus Gill. 

100. Oxylebius pictus Gill. 

This species occurs on rocky shores from Monterey Bay northward at least to Puget Sound. It 
is a small fish, seldom exceeding 10 inches in length. It dwells in the kelp, where it is usually 
abundant, though it is rare in collections. It is not of much food value. We have one specimen 
8 inches long, taken by the Albatross at Seattle, March, 1892. 




Fig. 47.— Chitonotus pugetensis (Steindachner). 

Family 33. C0TTIO£. The Sculpins. 
101. Chitonotus pugetensis (Steindachner). 

Fourteen specimens, 2.5 to 4.5 inches long, collected by J. P. Todd, near Seattle, in 1903. 
A conspicuous nasal tentacle about as long as pupil. Anal dark in the males. The species reaches 
a length of 6 inches and occurs from San Francisco to Puget Sound in moderate depths. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 297 

102. Tarandichthys filamentosus (Gilbert). 

One specimen 2.5 inches long dredged at station 4193, off St. Mary Mission. Not before recorded 
north of southern California. 

Eye rather larger than given in current descriptions, being scarcely 3 in head; filaments on pre- 
opercle not evident. 

103. Tarandichthys tenuis (Gilbert). 

Two examples, 2 and 2.5 inches long, from station 4204, near Fort Rupert, and two, 2.1 and 3.75 
inches long, from station 4193, in the Gulf of Georgia, Not previously recorded from north of San 
Francisco. 

In our specimens the maxillary reaches anterior edge of pupil; gillrakers small and tubercular; 
peritoneum dusky; 2 parietal spines; first 2 or 3 scales of lateral line enlarged, the first with a distinct 
spine; pearly patches on base of pectoral. 

The larger specimen from Gulf of Georgia had its stomach filled with shrimps and its abdominal 
cavity full of thread-like worms. 

104. Icelinus burchami Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 2.8 in length; depth 4.6; eye 3.25 in head; snout 4.5 in head; maxillary 2.2; mandible 2; 
interorbital 2.25 in eye; dorsal ix-16; anal 14; pectoral 18; lateral line 38. 

Body comparatively slender, tapering rapidly backward to caudal fin; head rather large; mouth 
moderate, low, terminal, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary rather short, 
reaching posterior edge of eye; eye moderate, somewhat ovate; nasal spines short and obscure: nasal 




Fig. 48. — Icelinus burchami Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 

tentacle obsolete; supraorbital with a flat, black, bifid cirrus posteriorly, its length about equaling the 
pupil; a slender black occipital filament; a small white filament near tip of maxillary; occipital 
ridges not prominent, the included space flat, not pit-like; interorbital space flat, the median ridge 
very faint; preopercular spine rather strong, its length about 1.5 in orbit, three sharp spines on its 
upper edge directed upward, a short, sharp spine at the tip; under edge of peropercle with 3 short, 
stout, triangular spines, the first and second directed backward and slightly downward, the third, 
which is longest and sharpest, directed downward and forward; opercular spine flat and obscure; a 
double row of scales or plates along upper part of side, beginning under about the fifth dorsal spine 
and ceasing under the last dorsal ray but one, the row double throughout its entire length except 
posteriorly, where the lower row ceases three scales in advance of the upper row; upper edge of 
caudal peduncle, narrow space between the double row of scales, just described, and the dorsal fin, 
and broad space between it and the lateral line, naked; entire body below lateral line naked; no 
postpectoral plates. Fins well developed; spinous dorsal with the spines slightly filamentous, the 
longest about 2.75 in head; longest dorsal ray 3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal somewhat 
rounded, its length 1.8 in head; pectoral broad, reaching past front of anal; ventrals very short and 
inconspicuous, their length scarcely exceeding diameter of pupil. 



298 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Color in alcohol, yellowish brown: body and head blotched and mottled with small whitish 
spots and darkish irregular blotches: dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dark, blotched with white; pectoral 
similar, the lower rays whitish at tip, the interradial membranes darker. 

This species is related to I. borealis. from which it differs chiefly in the larger eye, the shorter snout, 
the weaker nasal spines, the shorter preopercular spines, and the less complete series of scales along 
the base of the dorsal. Type, no. 57S22 U. S. National Museum (field no. 99), a specimen 4 inches 
long from Albatross station 422S in 41 to 134 fathoms, off Loring, Alaska. July 7. 1903. Cotypes: No. 
5229. Bureau of Fisheries; no. 20010 Museum Stanford University; no. 57825, U. S. National Museum, 
and no. 8117, Field Museum, all from the same place: and no. 33003, Academy Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia, from Behni Canal, near Loring. July 8, 1903. 

This interesting species is named for Mr. James S. Burchani, a young naturalist of great promise, 
who lost his life at Lake McDonald. November 12. 1905, while in the employ of the Bureau of Fisheries. 

105. Icelinus borealis Gilbert. 

This species is common and widely distributed. We have examined specimens from the following 
localities: Albatross stations no. 4205, 4209, 4212, 4213, 4217, and 4218 (all in Admiralty Inlet), 4276 
(Alitak Bay), 4285 (Chignik Bay), 2428 (Behm Canal), 3597 (off coast of Washington), Seattle, and 
Loring. It had been previously recorded by Gilbert (1895) from various Albatross stations north and 




Fig. 49.— Icelinus borealis Gilbert. 

south of the Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay. The known range is, therefore, from Bristol Bay 
and the Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. 

Our specimens are 1.6 to 3.25 inches long. The length (2.5 feet) given in Fishes of North and 
Middle America is evidently an error. We are unable to distinguish T. strabo Starks from this species. 



106. Astrolytes fenestralis (Jordan & Gilbert). 

The collection contains one specimen 3 inches long, seined at Metlakahtla, 6 smaller specimens 
seined at Admiralty Head, Whidby Island, and 5 specimens from Sucia Island; also 13 specimens 
collected by Mr. Rutter on the beach at Karluk and 13 by Mr. Chamberlain at Loring. Recorded 
from Unalaska and Sanborn Harbor, Shumagin Islands by Bean (1882) as Artedius notospilotus, and 
from the Shumagin Islands by Jordan & Gilbert (1899). 

Head 2.9 in length; depth 4.6; eye 4.3 in head; dorsal ix-17; anal xn: lateral line 36; maxillary 
extending to posterior border of pupil. 

This species reaches a length of about 5 inches. Its known range extends from Puget Sound to 
Unalaska. 

107. Stelgidinotus latifrons Gilbert & Thompson. 

One specimen 1.13 inches long, from station 4213, near Admiralty Head. 

Head 3.1 in body; depth 4.9; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.5; interorbital equal to eye; 
dorsal ix, 17; anal 14; ventral i, 3; pectoral 15; branchiostegals 6; pores 35. 

Body rather elongate, not much compressed, gradually tapering from head to the rather slender 
caudal peduncle, the least depth of which is about 3 in head. 

Head rather small, lateral profile of snout somewhat blunt and rounded, upper profile somewhat 
rounded; interorbital rather broad and somewhat concave, nasal spines prominent, a round filament 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 299 

at the base of each, the sheath of the preinaxillary pedicel rising between them as a stout, blunt spine; 
occiput rounded, without spines or cirri, a cirrus or two near tip of opercle; preopercular spines 4, the 
upper curved and hooked upward, rather blunt, but strong, and covered with skin, the others minute. 
all extending as mucronate points from a broad base, and all apparently pointing upward; a series 
of large pores under eye and along lower edge of preopercle and lower jaw; mouth small, somewhat 
oblique, the tip of premaxillary about on a line with lower margin of orbit; maxillary reaching to 
anterior margin of pupil, lower jaw included; teeth minute on jaws and vomer; gill-membranes forming 
a free fold across isthmus; origin of spinous dorsal above gill-cleft, its base 1 .33 in head, its upper margin 
parallel with back; base of soft dorsal 2.9 in body, spinous and soft dorsal connected by membrane; 
pectoral 2.66 in body, quite large, pointed, reaching a considerable distance beyond origin of anal; 
ventral 1.66 in head, nearly reaching vent; length of caudal about equal to head; anal quite long, 
its base about equal to length of head; caudal apparently truncate, its origin nearly vertical from that 
of soft dorsal; vent considerably anterior to middle of body. 

Head naked, the rest of the body covered with small papillae; enlarged scales along lateral line, 
especially in front, pores somewhat conspicuous for the whole length; plates of lateral line not keeled, 
but each bearing several small spines on posterior margin; a series of indistinct transverse wrinkles 
behind axil. 

Color mottled olivaceous on sides, the mottlings indistinct, so disposed as to form a series of about 
5 saddle-like markings across the back about equally distributed, the light areas between them nearly 
circular; top of head dusky; fins plain. 

Stelgidinotus latifrons Gilbert & Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxvin, 1905, p: 977, near Bremerton, Wash. 




Fig. 50. — Stelgidonotus latifrons Gilbert & Thompson. Type. 
108. Artediellus pacificus Gilbert. 

Our collections contain specimens from the following localities: Albatross station 4285 (Chignik 
Bay), 4268 (Afognak Bay), 4276, 4277, 4278, and 4279 (all in Alitak Bay); and 3653 (Bering Sea). The 
species was originally described from station 3216, south of Sannak Island, and is recorded by Gilbert 
from many stations in Bristol Bay. 

A female 2.5 inches long, from station 4279, August 6, contained 105 nearly ripe eggs, measuring 
about 18 to the inch. Of the 15 specimens from Alitak Bay, 2 are males which exhibit a markedly 
fuller development of the dorsal fins than the others. A small thread-worm was found in the abdominal 
cavity of one specimen. 



300 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
109. Rastrinus scutiger (Bean). 



Originally described by Bean (1891) as Icelus scudger from Albatross station 2853, off Trinity Island. 
Recorded by Gilbert 1 1895), as Icelus scutigei', from station 3339 south of the Alaskan Peninsula. Not 
obtained bv us. 




Fig. 51.— Rastrinus scutiger (Bean). 
110. Icelus bicornis (Bernhardt). 

Two specimens from station 4281, one from 4285, one from 4286 (all in Chignik Bay), and one from 
4278 (Alitak Bay). These range from 1.75 to 3.2 inches long. Also recorded from many stations in 
Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895). 

This species is easily distinguished by the 2 pairs of spines on occiput, but the specimens we have 
vary as to the number of dorsal spines, there being 8 or 9, and the rays vary from 17 to 20. 




Fig. 52. — Icelus spiniger Gilbert. 
111. Icelus spiniger Gilbert. 

One specimen 3.25 inches long, dredged at station 4227 in Behm Canal, near Loring; 3 specimens 
2.4 inches long from station 4281, in Chignik Bay; 2 specimens 2.6 inches long from station 4273 in 
Alitak Bay; 2 specimens 1.75 and 2.4 inches long from station 4283, in Chignik Bay; 1 specimen from 
4289, 3 from 4291, 6 from 4292, 2 from 4293, and 6 from 4295, all in Shelikof Strait; these vary in length 
from 2 to 3.25 inches. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3216, 3223 to 3226, 3257, 3258, 3267, 3278 to 
3280, 3292, 3302, 3311, 3334 and 3336, in the vicinity of Unalaska Island and in Bristol Bay. 

112. Icelus euryops Bean. 

Originally recorded by Bean (1891; from station 2853, off Trinity Islands, where 3 specimens were 
secured. Not taken since that time. 

113. Icelus vicinalis Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3324, 3330 to 3332 in Bristol Bay (1890). Not 
taken since. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
114. Icelus canaliculatus Gilbert. 



301 



Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3329 north of Unalaska (1890). No other spec- 
imens have been taken. 




Fig. 53.— Icelus canaliculatus Gilbert. 



115. Radulinus asprellus Gilbert. 



Twenty-one specimens, varying from 0.75 to 5 inches, are in the collection, representing the following 
localities: Station 4221, mouth of Hood Canal; station 4219, Admiralty Inlet; station 4204, off Fort 





■&"%■ { -®$m$& i^'^M^^^i&^z^ 




FlG. 54.— Radulinus asprellus Gilbert. 



Rupert, British Columbia; station 4191, in outer harbor at Nanaimo, British Columbia; Kasaan Bay; 
station 4226, Behm Canal, near Loring; station 4234, in Yes Bay; and near Seattle by J. P. Todd. 

In the specimen from station 4226 the snout equals eye, and is 3.1 in head; maxillary 2.66; mandible 
2.1 ; peritoneum silvery; length of caudal fin 1.45 in head. These measurements are not given in current 
descriptions. 




Fig. 55.— Triglops beani Gilbert. 

116. Triglops beani Gilbert. 

The collection contains specimens from the following localities: Albatross stations 4205, 4211, 4212, 
and 4213 (all in Admiralty Inlet), 4248 (Eastern Passage), 4268 and 4269 (Afognak Bay). 4242 (Karta 



302 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Bay . 4243 (Kasaan Bay >, and from Behm Canal near Loring. The species had been previously recorded 
from Wrangell Straits (Bean 1884,* as T. pingelli), Bristol Bay. at numerous Albatross stations (Gilbert 
1S95 . and Bering Sea at Albatross stations 3598 and 3599 (Gilbert 1895). 

The specimens obtained during the recent investigations were from depths varying from 14 to 71 
fathoms. The males have a dark stripe on side just above anal fin, extending posteriorly from about 
first third of fin and uniting with the other median stripe at about fifth or sixth ray from last. Anal 
papilla in male well developed; peritoneum white, liver large, several large pyloric caeca, females 
not smaller than males. 

This sculpin reaches a length of 4 to 8 inches and is of wide distribution, its known range extend- 
ing from Puget Sound to Bering Sea and to Robben Island. 




Fig. 56.— Triglops scepticus Gilbert. 
117. Triglops scepticus Gilbert. 

A single female example 5.75 inches long dredged at station 4291, in 65 to 48 fathoms, in Shelikof 
Strait. The interorbital space is more narrow than stated in current descriptions, being contained 3.5 
instead of 1.5 times in the eye. About 7 of the lower rays of the pectoral are enlarged and exserted. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3215, 3222 to 3225, 3309, and 3339, south of 
Sannak and north of Unalaska Island. 



/^ 




'&m^ 



-^ 




Fig. 57.— Sternias xenostethus (Gilbert). 

118. Sternias xenostethus (Gilbert). 

We have two specimens. 2.5 and 4.25 inches long, of this rare species, secured by the Albatross at 
station 3599. in Bering Sea. Only the type, a specimen 1.5 inches long, has heretofore been known. 
This was described by Gilbert 1895 I from Albatross station 3220. north of Unalaska Island. 




fs81H=~^. x#^ 



^5= 




Fig. 58.— Prionistius macellus Bean. 
119, Prionistius macellus Bean. 



Recorded from stations 3214, 3218, and 3223, south of Sannak and north of Unimak Island (Gilbert 



1895). 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
120. Elanura forficata Gilbert. 



303 



Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3213, 3214, and 3222, south of Sannak and north 
of Unimak Island. 




Fig. 59.— Elanura forficata Gilbert. 

121. Melletes papilio Bean. 

Originally described by Bean (1880) from St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group. It has not since been 
taken. 




Fig. 60.— Melletes papilio Bean. 
122. Hemilepidotus jordani Bean. Irish Lord. 

Very abundant practically everywhere along the Alaskan coast. The collection contains specimens 
from the following localities: Shumagin Islands; stations 4268 and 4270, in Afognak Bay; stations 4283 
and 4285, in Chignik Bay; station 4291, in Shelikof Strait. We also have 5 specimens 2 to 17 inches 
long, collected by the Albatross in other years at Sitka, Chignik Bay, and station 3600. The center 
of abundance for this species seems to be about Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula. 

The species was originally described by Bean (1882) from Unalaska, also recorded by him from 
Port Al thorp; Port Chatham, Cook Inlet; St. Paul, Kodiak; Humboldt Harbor, Shumagins; Iliuliuk 
and Chernofski, Unalaska. By Gilbert from numerous Albatross stations about Amak and Unalaska 
islands. 

The eye varies considerably in size, even in large examples, being usually 4 or even more in head; 
maxillary 2.3; mandible 2.2; snout 3.6; interorbital 1.3; peritoneum silvery. A specimen 17.5 inches 
long and weighing 2 pounds, taken over the rail with hook and line at Fox Bay, August 11, had in life 
the following colors: Side dirty olivaceous, with about 5 broad, irregular, darker blackish bars; belly 
white, with numerous small, roundish dark spots, few or none on middle line of belly and breast; top 
of head blackish, side of head somewhat blacker, the opercle and lower part of cheek nearly black; 



304 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



edges of premaxillary, maxillary, and cheek, side of lower jaw, and first 2 or 3 branchiostegals and mem- 
branes rich lemon-yellow, remaining branchiostegals and lower side of head clean white; dorsal dark 
olive, the anterior portions black; pectoral dirty white at base, dirty olivaceous elsewhere; anal dark; 
caudal grayish olive, the membranes pale greenish or yellowish; tip of fin light greenish-yellow; eye 
reddish brown. 




Fig. 61. — Hemilepidotus jordani Bean. 

A female 13.25 inches long (no. 2985), taken in Chignik Bay, August 10, was full of small eggs. 

We have another specimen, 4.75 inches long, from station 3599, in Bering Sea, taken in 1894. In 
this specimen the ventral fins are much longer than in typical examples, and have many tubercles on 
the under side. Five examples taken at Sand Point, Shumagin Islands, August 12, gave the following 
lengths and weights: 



Length. 


Weight. 


Inches. 


Lbs. oz. 


18| 


1 15 


15| 


1 13* 


33 


2 2 
1 14 


HI 


1 6| 



This interesting fish reaches a length of more than 2 feet, and is abundant about the Aleutian 
Islands. 

It is very frequently taken in the salmon traps and is regarded as a nuisance by the fishermen, 
is of some value as a food fish, but is rarely eaten. It is apparently not known in Southeast Alaska 



It 




Fig. 62.— Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Tilesius. 

123. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Tilesius. Red Sculpin. 

Very common, particularly about Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula. The collection con- 
tains 9 specimens, 2 to 14.5 inches long, secured at Sucia Island; Hunters Bay; Loring; Killisnoo; Litnik 
Bay; Karluk; and in Uyak Bay. It has also been recorded (Bean 1882) as Hemilepidotus trachurus 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



305 



from Sitka; Port Althorp; Port Etches; Port Chatham; Cook Inlet; Popoff Strait and Coal Harbor, Shum- 
agins; Unalaska; Kyska; Nazan Bay, Atka; Bay of Islands, Adak; Ainchitka; Chichagof Harbor and 
Attn. Bean (1884), Fort Tongass and Nakat. Nelson (1887), Unalaska. 

Known from Kamchatka to San Francisco. Not common in Bering Sea, but appears to be 
abundant from Sitka to Puget Sound. It reaches a length of 18 inches and should be of some value 
as a food fish. 




Fig. 63.— Enophrys bison (Girard). 
124. Enophrys bison (Girard). 

This sculpin is quite common south of Killisnoo. No specimens were secured by us north of this 
point. The collection contains 34 specimens, 1 to 9.5 inches long, taken at the following places: Port 
Townsend; Marrowstone Point; Admiralty Head; Fort Rupert; Kilisut Harbor; Port Alexander; Port 
Ludlow; Sucia Island; Loring; Yes Bay; Cleveland Passage, and Killisnoo. 

The species was recorded by Bean (1882) from Sitka, and from St. Paul, Kodiak Island. 

125. Enophrys claviger (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (PI. xvn, fig. 1.) 
Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from station 3233, Bristol Bay. No specimens obtained by us. 




Fig. 64.— Ceratocottus diceraus (Pallas) . 
126. Ceratocottus diceraus (Pallas). 

Recorded by Bean from Sitka (1882) and Tolstoi Bay and Fort Tongass (1884); by Gilbert from 
Herendeen Bay (1895), and by Jordan and Gilbert from St. Paul Island (1899, as C. lucasi). 

AYe have 3 specimens, 5.75 to 6.25 inches long, collected at Tareinski. Kamchatka, June 21, and 2 
specimens each about 3 inches long and each taken from the stomach of a halibut, one at Killisnoo, 
July 26, the other somewhere in Southeast Alaska, locality not definitely recorded. These specimens 
indicate that Ceratocottus lucasi Jordan and Gilbert is the young of C. diceraus. 

B. B. F. 1906—20 



306 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



127. Cottus asper Richardson. Prickly Bullhead. 

Two specimens, 4 and 4.5 inches long, seined in upper stream of Deep Bay at Loring; 1 specimen, 
4.3 inches long, at Loring; 3 specimens, 5.5 to 6.5 inches long, taken on hook and line in Naha River 
at Loring; 1 specimen, 5.5 inches long, seined in Hunter Bay; 2 specimens, each about 3.25 inches long, 
taken on hook and line near the Fortmann hatchery; 2 specimens (no. 3031 and 3032), 6.25 and 7 inches 
long, from Hunter Bay, taken on hook and line. 

Thirty-five specimens, 1.75 to 7.5 inches long, collected in McDonald Lake, September 26, 1905. 
These are variously rough and smooth on the sides. The size does not seem to make any difference 
in the roughness, it being present or absent in all sizes. The black spot on the posterior part of dorsal 
disappears in the larger examples. 

Seventeen specimens, 3 to 6 inches long, seined in McDonald Lake, August 24, 1905; agree with 
the preceding in regard to roughness. 

Six specimens, 4 to 6.75 inches long, collected in fyke net in McDonald Lake, July 29, 1905. 
These specimens are smooth, except for a small area under pectoral, which is slightly rough. 

Twelve specimens, 3.5 to 5 inches long, seined in McDonald Lake on August 22, 1905. The stomach 
contents were chiefly snails and parasitic worms. These specimens vary greatly in roughness of body, 
some having only a slight rough place under pectoral, others of the same size and of different sizes having 
the entire side of body more or less rough; all have a very distinct black blotch as large or larger than 
eye on posterior base of spinous dorsal; the fins are otherwise unmarked. 

In addition to the above there were secured from Yes Bay and McDonald Lake 26 specimens varying 
from 2 to 5 inches, and 18 specimens from 2 to 6.5 inches from Loring and vicinity; two of the latter taken 
in Steelhead Creek, June 19, 1904, were full of nearly ripe eggs. 

This species is common in fresh-water streams and lakes about Loring, and at the Fortmann hatchery 
might be seen any day in the clear waters of the stream or lake. It is reputed to be very destructive 
to salmon eggs. 

Following the suggestion of Mr. J. O. Snyder (in "Notes on the Fishes of the Streams flowing into 
San Francisco Bay, California," Appendix to the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secre- 
tary of Commerce and Labor for the year ending June 30, 1904) that C. asper, dorsal rays 19 to 22, anal 
16 to 18, may be separated from C. gulosus dorsal rays 17 or 18, anal 12 to 14, by the greater number of 
dorsal and anal rays in the former, and also that C. asper is confined largely to the lower courses of streams, 
while C. gulosus is found farther up where the water is clear and the current rapid, we identify our speci- 
mens as C. asper. They were all taken in or near tide water, and the following table of fin counts places 
them with C. asper: 



Locality. 



Loring 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Naha River. 
Do 



No. 



Dorsal. 



vni, 21 
IX, 20 
vm, 21 
ix, 20 
x,21 
x, 21 



Anal. 



Palatine teeth. 



Present. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 



Length. 



Inches. 
6.5 
5.5 
6.0 
4.25 
3.0 
3.5 



Locality. 



No. 



Hunter Bay 

Do 

Do 

Loring, Deep Bay. 

Do 



7 
3032 
3031 



Dorsal. 



vm 21 

IX, 22 

IX f+), 22 

Vm, 20£ 

vm, 21 



Anal. 



Palatine teeth. 



Present 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 



Anal 
length. 



3.0 
3.2 
3.1 
3.0 
2.9 



Vent. 



Posterior. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Nearly median. 



Length of anal base usually about equal to head, sometimes, as in last example, somewhat longer. 

128. Cottus gulosus (Girard). 

Specimens of this species were secured only at Loring and Boca de Quadra. They were 16 in number 
and measured 1 to 4 inches in length. Many of the larger ones taken at Loring, May 29, 1904, were full 
of nearly ripe eggs. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 307 

This species is doubtless common throughout Alaska, but being found further up the streams away 
from brackish water and in places not usually visited by collectors, it has not been taken abundantly 
or recorded from many places. 

129. Cottus cognatus Richardson. Great Bear Lake Bullhead. 

One of the most interesting results of the side trip made to the headwaters of the Yukon was the 
securing of a fine series of specimens of Cottus cognatus. Until now the type of this species had remained 
unique, no additional specimens having come into any museum or having been collected by any natur- 
alist so far as we are informed. 

At Lake Bennett, July 19-21, 1903, 45 specimens were collected. They were obtained by the use of 
the seine at various places along the shore, chiefly toward the head of the lake above the railroad station 
and near the crossing of the Yukon and White Pass Railroad. These specimens range in length from 
1.2 to 31 inches. Although the original description is very brief there is no doubt in our mind as to the 
identification. Following is a detailed description: 

Head 3.66 to 4.1 in length; depth 5.13 to 6.2; eye 3.8 to 4.66 in head; snout 3.6 to 4; maxillary 
2.25 to 2.5; mandible about 2; interorbital width 5.25 to 6; dorsal usually viii-17 (viii-15, vin-16, 
ix-15, ix-17, and ix-18 indicate the range of variation); longest dorsal spine about 3 in head; longest 
dorsal ray 1.75 to 2; anal usually 11 or 12, varying from 10 to 13; longest anal ray about 1.75; pectoral 
13 or 14, its longest rays (14 or 15) 3.87 to 4.2 in head, lowermost 7 or 8 rays thick, but not branched; 
ventral i, 3, the length 5.5 to 6 in head; caudal lobes about 5. 

Body rather heavy forward, tapering gradually to the rather slender caudal peduncle; head moderate, 
evenly rounded above, interorbital space narrow, slightly concave; mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, 
maxillary reaching middle of pupil, lower jaw slightly included; branchiostegal rays 6; gill-membranes 
separate, joined to the isthmus; villiform teeth on jaws and a small patch on the vomer; caudal peduncle 
slender, its least width about 2 in its least depth; head entirely smooth; preopercle with a single spine 
at the angle projecting backward and upward, chiefly concealed by skin; lower edge of preopercle with 
one rather distinct broad spine projecting downward and forward, in front of which is another poorly 
defined spine or blunt point; opercle without spine; no other spines or filaments about head; body 
entirely smooth except a patch of small roughish scales under the pectoral; fins well developed, spinous 
and soft dorsal barely connected; caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectoral broad at base, the tip 
reaching past beginning of anal; ventrals scarcely reaching vent; vent usually somewhat nearer tip of 
snout than base of caudal; there is, however, some slight variation in this character; in one specimen, 
apparently a female, it is equally distant from tip of snout and base of caudal. 

A specimen 3| inches long was, in life, dark olive, much mottled; trace of about 6 dark saddles 
less distinct than in most specimens; first dorsal blackish olive with a narrow orange edge, the fin mesially 
darker; second dorsal dusky olive and translucent, the olive in irregular blotches; caudal with 4 or 5 
vague bars of darker olive; ventrals and anal uncolored; pectoral brown with 4 narrow irregular dark 
bars, the coloration more olive and more uniform than usual; a patch of light colored, rather coarse 
prickles behind axil; belly silvery; lower jaw greenish, faintly barred with 5 black dots. 

There are two patterns of coloration, probably representing the two sexes, a darker and a lighter 
phase. The darker phase may be described as follows: Sides and top of head, anterior portion of body, 
the beginning of soft dorsal, and sides of body along base of soft dorsal and upper part of caudal peduncle, 
dark or blackish, more or less vermiculated with lighter; base of caudal fin with a large Y-shaped black 
area; tip of lower jaw dark; under side of head and entire lower parts of body yellowish white, profusely 
covered with numerous minute black or brownish punctulations; spinous dorsal black, white at the 
tip; soft dorsal vermiculated with dark and light, the distal half lighter; anal yellowish- white with fine 
dark punctulations; caudal dirty white, with fine dark punctulations and evidence of faint darker 
cross-bars; pectoral dark on basal two-thirds, lighter at the tip, with rather distinct vertical cross-bars 
of dark and light; ventrals yellowish- white, somewhat punctate with dark. 

A specimen of the lighter phase may be described as follows: Head and upper parts of body 
brownish white, blotched with darker; occipital region dark; back with about 6 dark or brownish saddles, 
distributed as follows: The first, which is very small, at beginning of spinous dorsal, the second under 
last dorsal spines, the third under third to sixth dorsal rays, the fourth under eighth to tenth dorsal rays, 
the fifth under the last dorsal rays but one, and the sixth on base of caudal fin; the third and fifth 



308 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES . 



plainest and extending below the lateral line; entire under parts yellowish-white with very fine dark 
punctulations; fins essentially as in the darker form. 

Cottus cognatus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., in, 40, 1836, Great Bear Lake. Gunther, Cat., n, 157, 1S60. Jordan 
& Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., pt. n, 1954, 1898. 

130. Cottus aleuticus Gilbert. 

Ninety-nine specimens 3 to 4 inches long collected by Mr. Rutter in Lake Karluk during the summer 
of 1903. 

Head 3.75 to 3.85 in length; eye 5 in head; dorsal ix, 19; anal 12 or 13; pectoral 15. 

The collection contains also 3 specimens 4 to 4.5 inches long from a small stream at the head of the 
flume at the Loring cannery, July 26; 4 specimens 2.75 to 3.25 inches long from the stream at the Fort- 
mann hatchery. July 7, taken on hook and line; and 2 specimens 2.75 to 3.75 inches long from Steelhead 
Creek near Loring. May 8. 




Fig. 65.— Cottus aleuticus Gilbert. 

The Karluk specimens show quite a different color pattern from those taken at Loring, the body 
being much darker and plainer, with very little vermiculation or marbling; the fins sometimes marbled 
with dark; the spinous dorsal sometimes plain with very small dark punctulations, or the upper half 
of fin black, edged with white, these punctulations sometimes found on soft dorsal and anal. Many of 
these specimens have tubercles on ventral and pectoral fins, those on the ventrals sometimes arranged in 
patches. 

The lateral line is not always complete, does not drop abruptly at end of soft dorsal, but ends there 
in some specimens, generally those with plain soft dorsal. 

This species has been recorded by Bean (1882) as Uranidia microstoma, from Indian River, Sitka; 
St. Paul, Kodiak Island; Aleutian Islands; Iliuliuk, Unalaska. Gilbert (1895) from Iliuliuk, Unalaska. 
Rutter (1899), Karluk River and Lake and in Alitak Lake. Nelson (1887), mouth of Tanana River. 

131. Cottus chamberlaini Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 3 in body; depth 4.3; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.9; maxillary 2.5; interorbital space 5 in eye; 
dorsal ix-16, longest spine 3.3 in head, the longest ray 2.3; anal 11, longest ray 2 in head; pectoral 14, 
the length equal to that of head; ventral i, 4, the length 1.6 in head; branchiostegals 6. 

Body fusiform, tapering rather rapidly from the heavy head to the long slender caudal peduncle, 
the body usually considerably constricted at the vertical connecting origins of anal and soft dorsal; 
head rather large; snout short; mouth moderate, low, nearly horizontal, the maxillary scarcely reaching 
front of pupil; a small patch of teeth on vomer, palatines naked; eyes large, high up and close together; 
interorbital space very narrow; anterior nostril in a very distinct tube; posterior nostril in an evident 
tube, which is shorter than that of the anterior; head entirely smooth, without cirri or spines except 
those on opercular bones; preopercle with one simple sharp spine at the angle, projecting backward 
and curved upward somewhat; edge of preopercle below this smooth or merely crenulate; opercle ending 
in a soft flap, subopercle with a rather distinct blunt spine projecting downward; body entirely smooth, 
except a small patch of asperities under the pectoral ; lateral line complete or nearly so. Fins moderate ; 
interval between spinous and soft dorsal short, but distinct; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base 
of pectoral a distance equal to one-third diameter of eye; origin of anal slightly posterior to that of soft 
dorsal: caudal slightly rounded; pectoral long, reaching origin of anal; ventrals short, not reaching vent. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



309 



Color in alcohol: Upper parts dark, mottled with darker irregular blotches and lighter areas; about 4 
distinct dark vertical blotches, one under spinous dorsal, 2 under soft dorsal and 1 on caudal peduncle; 
under parts yellowish- white, profusely covered with minute brown punctulations; spinous dorsal dusky, 
each ray with 1 or 2 black spots, the eighth spine almost entirely black, edge of fin creamy white; soft 
dorsal dusky, with numerous irregular black blotches, the edge somewhat creamy; anal pale, punctate 
with dark; caudal yellowish- white, crossed by 4 or 5 irregular, dark, vertical bars; pectoral similar to 
soft dorsal; ventrals white. The numerous specimens examined show but little variation, as may be 
seen from an examination of the following table : 




Fig. 66.— Cottus chamberlaini Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 
Variation in the Type and Cotypes op Cottus chamberlaini. 



Tag 

No.a 


Length 

in 
inches. 


Head. 


Depth. 


Eye. 


Snout. 


Maxil- 
lary. 


Inter- 
orbital 
in eye. 


Dorsal fin. 


Anal 
for- 
mula. 


Formula. 


Long- 
est 

spine 
in 

head. 


Long- 
est 
ray in 
head. 


119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 


2.9 

2.9 

2.2 

2.37 

2.63 

2.25 

2.0 

2.25 

1.75 

2.75 


3.2 
3.0 
3.1 
3.1 
3.2 
3.2. 
3.1 
3.0 
3.5 


4.3 

5.1 

4.6 

4.5 

4.5 

4.75 

4.5 

4.8 

5.0 


3.75 

3.5 

3.1 

3.5 

3.2 

3.25 

3.2 

3.5 

3.5 

3.0 


3.9 

3.8 

4.8 

4.0 

4.0 

4.25 

3.1 

4.0 

5.0 


2.5 
2.5 
2.9 
2.5 
2.0 
2.6 
2.3 
2.5 
3.0 


5.0 
4.8 
4.5 
5.0 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.4 
5.0 
5.0 


IX, 16 
viii, 16 

ix, 17 
vm, 16 
viii, 16 
vm, 16 
viii, 16 
viii, 16 
VIII, 16 
VIII, 16 


3.3 
3.3 


2.3 
2.3 


11 
- 12 
12 
12 
11 
12 
11 
11 
11 
11 


























3.2 5.0 


4.75 2.3 



















a No. 119, type; nos. 120-128, cotypes. 

This species seems to be related to Cottus beldingi and to Cottus spilotus. From the former it may be 
distinguished by the much larger eye, the narrower interorbital, the blunter head, the fewer anal rays, 
and the coloration; from Cottus spilotus it would seem to differ in the shorter anal, the more complete 
lateral line, in coloration and in other respects. 

The collection contains 217 specimens, which we refer to this species. They vary in length from less 
than 1 inch to 2.9 inches. The collector's label, which should have accompanied these specimens, 
has been lost, but it is certain that they came from fresh water at Loring, Alaska, and that they were 
collected by Mr. F. M. Chamberlain in 1903. 

Type no. 57823, U. S. National Museum, a specimen (no. 119) 2.9 inches long, probably from Loring, 
Alaska; cotypes, several specimens no. 61052,U. S. National Museum; no. 5230, Bureau of Fisheries; no* 
20011, Stanford Univ. Mus. 

We take pleasure in naming this species for our friend and associate, Mr. Fred. M. Chamberlain, 
naturalist of the steamer Albatross, who collected the type. 



310 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHEKIE? 



132. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus Pallas . Great Sculpin. 

The collection contains 25 specimens, from 1.75 to 13 inches long: collected in 1903. at the following 
places: Marrowst one Point ; Cleveland Passage; stations 4270 and 4272. Litnik Bay; Karluk; Admiralty 
Head: Metlakatla: Funter Bay; Point Ellis; Port Alexander; Snug Harbor, and Yakutat. The 
species was seen also at Dundas, Pablof. Sitkoh. and Uyak bays. 

These specimens show that there is considerable variation in the relative distances between the 
supraocular spines themselves and the occipital spines. The distance seems to be relatively greater 
in the young examples than in the older ones. 

In xhe larger specimens the general color is much darker than in the smaller ones, the light colors, 
especially posteriorly. lading into darker; belly and ventral fins distinctly mottled and spotted. In all 
the smaller examples the belly is pale and there are 3 very distinct dark bars across the body: the first 
under the sixth to eighth dorsal spines, extending slightly forward and downward across base of pectoral; 
the second under soft dorsal, beginning under the third ray. and extending under nearly full length of 
fin and downward nearly to anal, this bar more or less broken at its center and sometimes divided, form- 
ing 2 bars, which may be called second and third. 1 over anterior, the other over posterior part of soft 
dorsal; the last bar fourth when the second is divided, otherwise third covering posterior part of 
caudal peduncle. 




Fig. 



-Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus (Pallas). 



Mr. Putter secured at Karluk. June 8-10. 1903. IS very small specimens one-half to 1 inch long 
and 3 specimens 3.75 to 6 inches long. The 6-inch specimen had in its stomach 4 Blennicottus aeu.ticeps, 
each 1.75 inches long and 1 Pholis ornatus 4 inches long. They were very little digested, the Pholis- 
ornatus scarcely at all. 

Another specimen (no. 217S | . 20.5 inches long, collected by the Albatross at Kodiak Island in Uganuk 
Bay. 1S97. differs from current description in that the pectoral does not reach the anal by a distance 
equal to length of second dorsal spine, and the preopercular spine is not longer but slightly shorter than 
diameter of eye. 

The collection contains 24 additional specimens collected by the Albatross at dates other than 1903. 
These vary from 2.75 to IS. 5 inches in length, and were taken at Sucia Island: Promise Island: Mary 
Island: Nichols Bay: Hunters Bay: Niblacks Anchorage: Sitka: Litnik Bay: Uganuk Bay: Kyska Island, 
and Atka Island. Four small specimens were collected by Mr. M. C. Marsh at St. Paul Island in 1906. 

This species was originally described from the Aleutian Islands by Pallas 1811 . Bean tJSSO | records 
it from Unalaska. and 1882 from Wrangell; Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay; Refuge Cove. Cook 
Inlet; St. Paul. Kodiak Island; Humboldt Harbor. Pirate Cove and Popof Island. Shumagins; Iliuliuk 
and Chernofski. Unalaska; Xazan Bay. Atka; Amchitka; Port Moller and Cape Lisburne; also l sv 4 
from Mary Island; Makushin Bay: Unalaska Harbor; near mouth of Unalaska River; Shaw Bay. Unimak 
Island: and Herendeen Bay. Gilbert (1895) records it from a number of stations in Brist< 1 Bay. Turner 
records it from the Aleutian Islands: Scofield 1 1S99 > from Chignik Bay: Rutter 1 1S9S > from 
Karluk. and Nelson (1886) from Unalaska. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



311 



133. Myoxocephalus jaok (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 



Two specimens, 11 and 9.5 inches, respectively, collected at Tareinski Harbor, Kamchatka, June 21, 
1901. The following description is taken from the larger example: 

Head 2.5 in length; depth 6.2; eye 6.5 in head; snout 3.75; maxillary 2.1; mandible 2.1; inter- 
orbital equal to eye; dorsal vm, 15; anal 14; pectoral 18; caudal with 9 forked rays; ventral i, 3; lateral 
line about 46. 

Body elongate, somewhat depressed anteriorly, terete posteriorly; caudal peduncle stout and short, 
flatfish above and below; head long, its profile nearly straight, a depression between eyes and the sharp 
high nasal spines, a very prominent rounded projection between the latter, into which the premaxillary 
projects, the outline from this projection to snout straight and steep ; snout somewhat acute ; mouth large, 
gape extending to below middle of pupil; maxillary extending a distance equal to pupil beyond posterior 
margin or orbit, its breadth 1.3 in eye, its edge slipping somewhat under the preorbital and its body as a 
whole fitting into a depression in the cheek so that its surface is on a level with the cheek, thus matching 
the rest of the cheek in surface and color; maxillary inconspicuous; upper lip a broad, high fold, lying 
well back over the anterior edge of maxillary; teeth small, sharp, in broad villiform bands in jaws, the 
inner rows somewhat larger, sharper, these depressible and pointing backward; band of teeth in upper 
jaw interrupted by a narrow mesial fold; teeth on vomer in a rather large V-shaped patch, the teeth 
larger than those of jaws; palatines toothless; tongue large, bluntlv round. 

Anterior nostril in front of eye and considerably below nasal spine, posterior nostril a prominent tube 
above and behind anterior nostril and midway between nasal spine and eye; interorbital space rather 
broad, concave, continuous with the somewhat broader 
and flatter occipital space; nasal spines high and sharp, 
supraoccipital ridges high , terminating posteriorly in a 
rather blunt conical postocular spine, this with a smaller 
tubercle in front, several short ridge-like tubercles be- 
hind them; parietal ridges prominent converging pos- 
teriorly, terminating in rather sharp backwardly pro- 
jecting spines, on the outer side of this ridge a concave 
depression bounded by a broken elevated ridge; subor- 
bital stay prominent, slender, long, striate, extending 
from beneath eye nearly to root of upper preopercular 
spine; preopercular spines 3, the upper much the 
longer, about' equal to eye, pointing backward and 
slightly upward, covered with skin nearly to the tip; 

second spine conical, acute, not half as long as upper, pointing backward and somewhat outward; 
lower spine stout, short, pointing downward and forward; opercular spine short, stout, and sharp, 
terminating a long high ridge, which extends anteriorly almost to base of opercle, preopercular flap 
extending some distance beyond the spine; scapular spine short, sharp, and stout, terminating a high 
ridge, at the base of which is a small tubercle; gills with a long slit behind the last. 

Origin of spinous dorsal on a vertical with tip of scapular spine, the base 2.3 in head, the third spine 
longest, 3.6 in head, the membrane reaching nearly to the tips of the spines behind, somewhat scalloped 
between them, the margin of the fin straight, descending regularly from the third to eighth, which is 
very short and without free margin; space between spinous- and soft dorsals 2 in eye, base of soft dorsal 
1.5 in head, its rays about equal, except a few of the last, the longest rays 3.1 in head, none of the rays 
projecting beyond membrane; contour of fin somewhat rounded in front, upper margin straight; anal 
similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of third dorsal ray, its base 2.1 in head, its median rays about 
3.75 in head; caudal truncate, tips of the rays slightly projecting; pectoral broad, rounded, the rays 
stout and simple, the lower somewhat stouter and much shorter, acute, somewhat free at tips, the broad 
procurrent base well covered by the gill-membranes, length of fin 1.75 in head, its tip scarcely reach- 
ing vent; ventrals 3.1 in head, narrow, inner rays longest, tips reaching half way to vent. 

Body naked, a row of stellate disks above and quite near to lateral line, an irregular patch of similar 
but smaller disks in axillary region, extending backward in a single row, but becoming mere sharp 
prickles posteriorly; top and sides of head covered as far back as base of dorsal with small warty promi- 
nences, those in occipital region depressed and crater-like at the top, those in the latero-occipital pits 
rounded; no cirri. 




Fig. i 



-Myoxocephalus jaok (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 



312 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 



General color in alcohol: Above brownish olivaceous, irregularly blotched and speckled with black, 
especially above the pectoral, belly white; head conspicuously speckled with black dots, especially 
on cheeks and interorbital; occiput dark, upper lip blackish, edge of lower lip black; pectoral irregu- 
larly mottled with black, the black spots tending to arrange themselves in crossbands; dorsals faintly 
mottled with dusky: caudal with 2 irregular faint cloudy bars: ventral with 3 black blotches, the ante- 
rior somewhat more distinct, these blotches tending to form 3 faint bars; ventrals pale; peritoneum 
silvery. 

Another specimen, 15 inches long, from Albatross station 3250, Bering Sea, June 13, 1890, had the 
under part of the pectoral rays covered with sharp tubercles. 

Xo. 240S. a specimen 9 inches long, collected in Unalaska, July 2, 1900, while agreeing in general 
appearance with typical jaok, differs in having the supraoccipital tubercle elongated into a rather long, 
sharp ridge more or less rough on the edges and inclined to be broken up into a series of tubercles. This 
tubercle is apparently quite variable, as in another specimen the left tubercle is preceded by a smaller 
one. 

Previously recorded by Bean (1882), as Cottus humilis, from Chamisso Island, Eschscholtz Bay. Gil- 
bert (1895), St. Michael and Point Belcher, Arctic Ocean. Townsend (1887), Nushagak River: stations 
3290, 3228 to 3230, 3233, 3244 to 3245, 3248 and 3250, all in Bristol Bay; Cape Prince of Wales. Nelson 
(1887). as Cottus txniopterus, St. Michael. Xelson (1887), as Cottus humilis, St. Michael. Turner (1886), 
as C. humilis, St. Michael. Scofield (1899), Port Clarence and Grantley Harbor. 

This species reaches a length of 18 inches and occurs in shallow water everywhere about Bering Sea, 
extending into the Arctic and south to the Amur River and Unalaska. 




Fig. 69.— Myoxocephalus verrucosus (Bean). 
134. Myoxocephalus verrucosus (Bean). 

One example, 15 inches long, seined at Litnik Bay August 3. and another of same size collected by 
Luttrell at Sitka. This species was previously recorded from Unalaska and Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1893), 
and Kings Island, Port Clarence, and Grantley Harbor (Scofield 1896). One specimen from Litnik 
Bay has the following characters: 

Head 2.33 in length; depth 4.16; eye 6.4 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 2.20; mandible 2.16; 
interorbital 1.1 in eye; dorsal x-16; anal 13; pectoral 18; branchiostegals 6. 

Body stout, tapering to stout caudal peduncle; both dorsal and ventral contours nearly straight; 
head large, flattened above, but not so manifestly depressed and widened as in many cottoids; mouth 
horizontal, rather large, the maxillary extending to posterior margin of pupil; mouth cavity large, 
somewhat dusky; armature of head poorly developed, the spines (nasals, postoculars, occipital and 
preopercularj short and blunt; short nasal tubes developed; top of head very warty; no filaments any- 
where; supraorbital and occipital filaments not present; dorsals not closely connected. 

General color darker than in description ; the large white spots on belly are also found on pectoral 
and ventrals; the anal has white bars instead of spots; on the under side of some of the pectoral rays 
is a series of stiff tubercles, these also found on upper side of ventrals. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 313 

135. Myoxocephalus axillaris (Gill). 

Nelson (1887). St. Michael, as Cottus axillaris. Scofield (1899), Port Clarence; Chignik and Heren- 
deen bays. Not seen by us. 



Fig. 70. — Myoxocephalus axillaris (Gill). 
136. Myoxocephalus stelleri Tilesius. 

We have 3 specimens, 10.5 and 5.25 inches long, from Tareinski Harbor, Kamchatka, June 20, 1900, 
and one 10 inches long from Unalaska, July 2, 1900. Recorded from Point Barrow by Murdoch (1885) 
as Cottus decastrensis. 




Fig. 71.— Myoxocephalus stelleri Tilesius. 
137. Myoxocephalus niger (Bean). 

We have in our collections 4 specimens 2 to 6 inches long taken by Mr. M. C. Marsh at St. Paul 
Island, Pribilof Group, July, 1906. Originally described by Bean (1882) from St. Paul Island, Bering 




Fig. 72. — Myoxocephalus niger (Bean). 
Sea, and recorded by him from Sanborn, Shumagins; also recorded from St. Michael (Nelson 1887 as 
Cottus niger); and from the Pribilof Islands (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 



314 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

138. Megalocottus platycephalus (Pallas). 

No. 2401, a female specimen 13 inches long, with minute eggs, collected at Tareinski Harbor, 
Kamchatka, June 21, 1900. This specimen appears to be If. platycephalus, though differing in some 
respects from current descriptions. 

Head 3 in length; depth 5; eye 6.2 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2; mandible 1.6; interorbital 3.3; 
dorsal ix-14; anal 12; pectoral 16; caudal 11, 8 of them forked; ventral 3; lateral line 36. 

Body depressed anteriorly, subterote posteriorly, dorsal outline nearly straight and horizontal from 
tip of snout to tip of spinous dorsal when depressed, thence gradually sloping to base of caudal; ventral 
outline sloping rapidly upward from tip of lower jaw to gill-slits, from thence nearly straight; lower 
jaw long and projecting, cleft of mouth nearly vertical; contour viewed from above, coffin-shaped, or 
long kite-shaped, widening rapidly from the tip of the truncate lower jaw to the preopercular spines 
where it is broadest, from thence tapering gradually to the stoutish caudal peduncle. 

Head short, broad, and flat; a large flat, sunken hexagonal area extending from the nasal spines 
to the occiput, bounded on the sides by the high diverging supraocular and converging parietal ridges; 
the postocular tubercle high, large and blunt, pointing inward; occipital tubercle prominent, pear- 
shaped, pointing backward, ending in a stout sharp spine; preopercular spines covered with skin, 
upper longer than eye, curved upward and inward, second about half as long as first, third spine promi- 
nent but blunt, fourth strong, pointing downward and forward; suborbital stay narrow, striate and 
curved, upper opercular spine short, sharp, stout, almost concealed, pointing backward and downward 
at the end of a high ridge, the round flap reaching considerably beyond the spine; 2 prominent tubercles 




Fig. 73.— Megalocottus platycephalus (Pallas). 

at top of gill-slit, these sometimes spinous, and one or more stout suprascapular spines; a strong humeral 
spine; teeth in strong villiform bands in jaw, a large patch on vomer, none on palatines; tongue large, 
rounded and prominent; a well-developed symphesial knob; maxillary extending to posterior margin 
of pupil; a deep cleft behind last gill, slit minute. Spinous dorsal beginning a distance about equal 
to snout behind tip of gill-flap, its base 1.5 in head, its fourth spine longest, 2.5 in head, its margin 
rounded, distance between it and soft dorsal equal to eye, latter high, largest ray 1.5 in head, its base 
1.1 in head, its margin rounded, somewhat acute behind, the last rays somewhat produced; caudal 
truncate, 1.5 in head; origin of anal below fourth dorsal ray, base 1.3 in head, rays stout, margin some- 
what emarginate (scalloped), longest rays about 2.1 in head; pectoral very broad, the lowest rays short 
and stout, membrane between them deeply incised, general outline rounded, upper ray short, base 
procurrent along the edge of gill opening, length slightly longer than head, tip barely reaching origin 
of anal; ventrals acute, outer ray stout, inner produced, length 1.2 in head, tips not reaching vent by 
a distance greater than snout; skin naked; top of head warty, sides naked, no flaps anywhere; a row 
of prominent prickly tubercles between lateral line and dorsal; a few irregular small tubercles in a 
row beneath lateral line posteriorly. 

Color in alcohol: Above uniform brown, sides below olivaceous, belly white; lower lip and chin 
uniform black; membranes of upper lip dusky, lower side of lower lip white, the exposed portion all 
black; isthmus and edge of gill-cavity dusky; vertical fins irregularly mottled and blotched white 
and brown; inside of pectoral marked with broad brown and narrower white crossbars, outside similarly 
marked but notso distinctly; ventral with 2 or 3 irregular brown crossbars with narrow white interspaces; 
peritoneum white. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



315 



These characters are probably sexual or are explained by the large size of this specimen. 
The collection contains also no. 2394 and 137, 8.5 and 7.5 inches long, collected at Petropaulski, 
1900; no. 2404, a specimen 9.5 inches long, no locality, probably off Kamchatka. 




Fig. 74.— Megalocottus laticeps (Gilbert). 
139. Meg-alocottus laticeps (Gilbert). 

Described originally (Gilbert 1895) from Nushagak River and Herendeen Bay. Recorded (a; 
Cottus tseniopterus) by Bean (1882) from Point Belcher, Arctic Ocean; Hagmeister Island, Bering Seas 
and St. Michael. Turner (1886), Norton Sound, and Scofield (1899), Port Clarence. No specimens 
obtained by us. 




Fig. 75. — Zesticelus proiundorum (Gilbert). 

140. Zesticelus profundorum (Gilbert). 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) as Acanthocottus jprofundorutn from station 3329, north of 
Unalaska. 



316 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
141. Thecopterus aleuticus Smith. 



Described from Albatross station 3785. in Bering Sea. 150 miles north of Rat Islands, at a depth of 
270 fathoms. Only the type known. 




Fig. 76.— Thecopterus aleuticus Smith. Type. 
142. Dasycottus setiger Bean. 

One specimen 3.25 inches long, collected by the Albatross at station 3602, Bering Sea; 36 specimens 
from 1.2 to 8 inches in length from stations 4223 in 48 fathoms: 4237 in 194 fathoms; 4248 in 71 fathoms; 
4250 in 66 fathoms: 4254 in 45 fathoms; 4275 in 35 fathoms: 4280 in 32 fathoms; 4281 in 42 fathoms : 4286 
in 57 fathoms: 4287 in 66 fathoms: 4288 in 67 fathoms; 4290 in 99 fathoms; 4295 in 92 fathoms: 4296 
in 35 fathoms. Besides the above, specimens were seen at stations 4191, 4220, and 4298. 



iwm 



^^>y 



a 



^^kc^S: 




Fig. 77.— Dasycottus setiger Bean. 

In the young (1 inch) the eye is round, not elongate: spines on head not so prominent, color darker. 

Originally described by Bean (1891; from Albatross station 2855. off Sitkalidak Island. Recorded 
from stations 3216, 3257, 3310, 3311, and 3324, north and south of the Alaskan Peninsula and north of 
Unalaska Island (Gilbert 1895;, and off Karluk (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

143. Malacocottus zonurus Bean. 

The collection contains the following specimens of this species: 4 from station 4253, 1 from station 
4232. 3 from station 4230, 1 from station 4198, and 1 from station 4292. Others were seen at St. Mary's 
Mission, mouth of Oat Bay, at Boca de Quadra, and at Kasaan Bay. These specimens range in length 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 317 

from 2.75 to 7.5 inches, and agree well with current descriptions. The key in Fishes of North and 
Middle America, however, is defective, in that it would require this genus to have the gill-membranes 
free from the isthmus, which, of course, is not the case. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) from Albatross station 2853, off Trinity Islands. Recorded 
by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3227, 3330, and 3331, north of Unalaska, and from stations 3337 and 3339, 
south of Uninia Pass. 

144. Porocottus sellaris (Gilbert). 

Described by Gilbert (1895) as Acanthocottus sellaris, from stations 3229 to 3234, 3244, 3247, and 
3300, all in Bristol Bay. 

145. Porocottus quadrifilis Gill. 
Recorded from St. Michael and Kegiktowik (Nelson 1887). 

146. Porocottus bradfordi Rutter. 

The collection contains 27 specimens collected at Karluk Beach, June 8-10, 1903, and no. 2223, also 
from Karluk, 1903. 

Originally described by Rutter (1899) from Karluk. 

147. Oncocottus quadricornis (Linnaeus). 

Recorded from Point Barrow and Meade River (Murdoch 1885), and St. Michael (Nelson 1887), as 
Cottus quadricornis. 




Fig. 78.— Oncocottus quadricornis (Linnseus). 
148. Oncocottus hexacornis (Richardson). (PI. xvh, fig. 2.) 

Recorded from Herschel Island and Grantley Harbor (Scofield 1896). 

We have 3 specimens which we provisionally identify with this species: no. 90, 91, and 92, 8 to 9 
inches long, collected by Dr. Gilbert from a salmon trap at Graveyard Point, Kvichak River, near 
Koggiung, July 16, 1903. 

Head 3.16 in length; depth 5.75; eye 6.8 in head; snout 4.75; maxillary 2; mandible 1.9; inter- 
orbital 6; dorsal vin-14; anal 14; ventral i, 3; pectoral 17; branchiostegals 6. 

We have also a specimen 2 feet long, no. 2179, collected by the Albatross in Uganik Bay, Kodiak 
Island. As it differs somewhat from the above and from current descriptions of the species, we give a 
full description of it: 

Head 2.75 in length; depth 5.25; eye (orbit) 8.55 in head (orbital rim 6.2); snout 3.3; maxillary 1.66; 
mandible 2; interorbital broader than length of orbit but not equal to orbital cavity, 2 in snout; dorsal 
ix-14; anal 13; pectoral 19; ventral i, 3; caudal 9 forked rays ; branchiostegals 6. 

Body elongate; ventral outline straight; dorsal outline from tip of snout to end of spinous dorsal 
gently arched and slightly bulging, from there to base of caudal straight, the head, however, slightly 
depressed; posterior part of body somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle rather long but stout, its 
length 1.1 in snout, its depth about half its length. 

Head large and broad, the snout rather blunt, its anterior profile a straight slope from the prominent 
tubercle of the premaxillary pedicel; mouth wide and capacious, the gape extending to below pupil, the 



318 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

maxillary to posterior margin of orbit rather narrow, its width at end about 1.5 in orbit: mouth oblique, 
the upper edge of premaxillaiy below level of lower margin of orbit: teeth in jaws in broad villiform 
bands, the band of lower jaw a trifle broader behind, that in upper jaw widening in front, terminating on 
each side of the symphysis as a rounded lobe, a narrow mesial toothless ridge in each jaw: teeth of both 
jaws immovable, pointing inward: vomer with a broad V-shaped band of teeth, the arms of the V rounded: 
no teeth on palatines: lower jaw included, its band of teeth shutting inside those of the upper jaw: 
premaxillary separated from maxillary by a deep furrow; upper lip a narrow continuous ridge, followed 
by a high ridge of skin, which usually lies back toward the maxillary: lower lip a high thin fold at the 
sides, growing thicker in front and interrupted mesially by a broad frenum: a rather prominent, rounded 
knob at symphysis of lower jaw. 

Gill-inernbrane forming a rather thick but shallow fold across the isthmus; gills 4, the slit behind 
the fourth represented by a very small pore on the left side, on the right no opening evident; gillrakers 
represented by broad, low. rounded tubercles, which are very hispid and rough to the touch, like 
shagreen: head with a few spines and various ridges: nasal spines short, stout, sharp, pointing backward, 
the distance between them about two-thirds orbit : supraocular ridge beginning as a large raised area in 
front of eye, continued backward as a blunt high ridge, widening posteriorly and terminating in a rather 
high rough postocular tubercle which ends abruptly: at the base of this, two diverging short 
ridges between which rise the prominent supraoccipital ridges, these converging backward to the base 
of the occiput, where each ends in a raised elongate very rough tubercle much like those behind the eye; 
a broad, diverging, smooth, blade-shaped ridge extending from the supraoccipital tubercles nearly to 
upper angle of gill-slit, and from the posterior end of this ridge, rising at a sudden angle, a posteriorly 
projecting ridge which ends in the stout, short, scapular spine: a long low ridge below the eye, and another 
back and behind eye, pointing downward: suborbital stay prominent, running backward nearly to the 
base of the upper preopercular spine; a high broken ethmoidal ridge running across upper part of cheek, 
extending from behind eye toward top of gill-slit, and a prominent ridge from a break in its center 
toward the base of the upper preopercular spine. 

Preopercular spines 4, the upper stout, about as long as orbit, straight, pointing outward and back- 
ward, covered nearly to the tip with skin, which is warty or rough papillose at its base; second spine 
not quite half so long, pointing downward and outward: third spine a prominent tubercle: fourth; 
stout, sharp, pointing downward and forward, rather remote from the others; opercular spine short and 
sharp, nearly covered with skin, terminating a long, prominent, striate, rather curved ridge, which is 
parallel with the upper edge of the opercular flap; opercular flap long, rather thin, extending upward 
and backward and beyond the spine for a distance nearly equal to diameter of orbit. 

Spinous dorsal high, its general contour rounded, its membrane roundly scalloped between the 
spines, spines long, slender and sharp, the longest (fourth) 3.75 in head, the two spines in front closely 
approximated, the others rather remote < distance about one-half orbit), the posterior spines shortest, 
origin of dorsal above suprascapular spine: base 2.25 in head, nearly equal to snout and orbit: interval 
between spinous and soft dorsal conspicuous, about two-thirds orbit; base of soft dorsal 1.9 in head, its 
rays long, stout, conspicuously ringed, none of them branched, a few of the anterior shorter, the contour 
of the fin gently rounded in front and behind, the median portion straight, the margin gently scalloped, 
the rays not produced, longest rays nearly equal to snout; anal similar in outline to soft dorsal, its 
membrane, however, considerably thicker, the rays firmer and stouter, ending in rather stout tips; 
origin of anal below fourth anal ray, anal base equal to a distance from tip of snout to posterior margin 
of orbit: pectoral very broad, the base procurrent, close to and parallel with the edge of the gill-opening, 
nearly all the rays, especially the lower, very thick and stout, almost club-shaped and projecting slightly 
as blunt points beyond the membrane, the lowest very short, gradually lengthening to the first from the 
uppermost, the uppermost a trifle shorter than second: the three upper rays somewhat slender, displaying 
the articulations, the others not: longest ray (second) equal to distance from tip of snout to a little 
beyond posterior margin of orbit, the tip of the fin reaching to end of base of first dorsal but not quite 
reaching vent: ventral rays and membrane exceedingly thick, the inner ray somewhat the longer, the 
fin somewhat acute, the greatest length equal to length of snout, the tips reaching about half-way to 
vent from their base; caudal truncate, fan-shaped, the tips of the forked rays extending beyond tips 
of membrane as closely approximated points, two near together; peritoneum dusky. 

Xo scales, nearly all of upper part of head as well as tip of maxillary covered with minute wartlike 
elevations, the lower part of the cheek and a patch above suborbital stay and backward and downward 



Bull.U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XVII. 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 319 

from the eye smooth; a patch of minute tubercles along each side of suborbital stay; warts on opercle 
above opercular ridge minute and collected into patches; below this ridge they are round and flat, 
collected somewhat into chainlike bands, small patches of minute tubercles extending backward and 
away from each segment of the lateral line, giving it a somewhat feathery appearance; a line of these 
small projections terminates the lateral line at the base of the caudal fin; lateral line chainlike, of about 
47 jointlike segments. 

Color in alcohol dark brown above, much mottled with irregular, small, thickly set white blotches, 
this color extending up somewhat on the base of the fin membranes; lower half of side paler, consisting of 
a white ground clouded over with minute brown punctulations; ventral surface, including chin and 
breast, white; upper lip, maxillary, and membranes of upper jaw slaty blue; dorsal fins irregularly 
blotched with patches of white and dark brown, the margin of each fin, particularly the soft dorsal, 
inclined to be wholly white ; caudal membranes light at base, the rays dark, this dark color broadening 
outwardly, making a dark brown band parallel with the edge of the fin, its distal border slightly wavy, 
its proximal border deeply incised by sharp patches of white projecting out between the rays, the outer 
margin of the fin wholly white; anal white with 3 dark vertical bars about half as wide as eye, these 
about equal distances apart, the projecting tips of the rays always white; ventrals pale, mostly cloudy, 
crossed with indistinct bars of lighter; pectorals dark brown, a few round small spots of white arranged 
roughly in the form of bars; a narrow margin of the fin wholly white, the upper edge of the fin showing 
brown regularly crossed by small white dots. 

Specimen described a female containing a few small eggs. 

This fish has a close general resemblance to Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus . The presence of a 
fourth preopercular spine, however, removes it from that genus. The character of the gill slit resembles 
that of Myoxocephalus, but the fourth preopercular spine and other minor characters place it better with- 
Oncocottus. Our specimen possesses many characters common to both genera, however, and it may be 
found that characters which have been considered generic in small individuals disappear in larger 
ones. The gill slit, for instance, is present on one side and absent on the other in this specimen. 




Fig. 79.— Gymnocanthus pistilliger (Pallas) 

149. Gymnocanthus pistilliger (Pallas). 

We have in the collection a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Tareinski Harbor, Kamchatka, June 
21, 1900. This species has also been recorded by Bean (1882) from Kyska Harbor and Point Belcher. 
Gilbert (1895), Bristol Bay at stations 3230 to 3233, 3237 to 3246, 3289, 3291, 3296, and 3300. Scofield 
(1899), Port Clarence. 

150. Gymnocanthus galeatus Bean. 

Head 3 in length; depth 6; eye 3.6 in head; dorsal xi-16; anal 18; pectoral 19; maxillary 2.4; 
interorbital 3.1. 

The collection contains 25 specimens 1.5 to 11.5 inches long from the following places: Atka Island, 
1894; stations 3598, in Bering Sea, and 3653, off Shana, Iturup Island; Akutan Bay; station 4253, 
Stephens Passage, and with hook and line in Shakan Bay. The specimen (no. 2913) from station 4253 
is a female with very small eggs. 



320 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Originally described by Bean (1882) from Iliuliuk, Unalaska, and also recorded by him from off 
Cape Sabine, Arctic Ocean, and from Steamer Bay, Chacan, and Sitka. Chernofski Harbor, Unalaska 
Island (Gilbert 1895). Port Clarence (Townsend 1887). Point Barrow (Scofield 1899). St. Paul Island 
(Palmer). 




Fig. 80.— Gymnocanthus galeatus Bean. 
151. Leptocottus armatus Girard. 

The collection contains 52 specimens 1.75 to 12 inches long from the following places: Karluk; 
Gabriola Island; Union Bay; Marrowstone Point; Kilisut Harbor; Mink Arm; Yes Bay; Dundas Bay; 
Snug Harbor; Yakutat; Hunter Bay; Loring; and Promise Island. Specimens were also seen at Dundas 
Bay; Nanaimo; Fort Rupert; Metlakahtla; Boca de Quadra; Karta Bay; Sucia Island; Seattle; and 
Alert Bay. A specimen (no. 2792) 8.75 inches long, gives the following data: Head 2.8 in body; depth 
4.75; eye 6 in head; interorbital 5.5; maxillary 2.1; dorsal vni-17; anal 19; pectoral 18. 

The young are exceedingly mottled, and usually with 2 very small white spots on shoulder which 
disappear with age. 




Fig. 81.— Leptocottus armatus Girard. 

A specimen 1.5 inches long collected at Promise Island, October 3, 1894, is the smallest specimen 
we have. It differs somewhat from mature specimens in color, having 3 dark saddle-like crossbars, 
the first under anterior part of spinous dorsal; second under anterior part and third under posterior 
part of soft dorsal. Mature specimens can usually be readily recognized by the palmate appearance of 
the preopercular spines; in successively smaller specimens these gradually become more pinnate. 
The species is recorded by Bean (1882) from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay; and St. Paul, Kodiak 
Island. Rutter (1899), Karluk. 

152. Oligocottus maculosus Girard. 



The collection contains 13 specimens from Otter Bay, Pendar Island, 1895; 13 specimens from 
Kilisut Harbor, 108 from Marrowstone Point, 88 from Gabriola Island, 54 from Fort Rupert, 15 from 
*Shakan Bay, and 16 from Point Ellis; no. 2225, a specimen 3 inches long, and 203 specimens collected 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



321 



by Mr. Rutter at Karluk in 1903; 19 specimens collected in 1903 in Naha Bay by Mr. Chamberlain, who 
also collected 2 specimens in Yes Bay in 1905. 

This species has been recorded (Bean 1882) from Sitka; Alexandrovsk, Cook Inlet; Wrangell; Mary 
Island and Tongass (Bean 1884), and Karluk (Rutter 1899). 




Fig. 82.— Oligocottus maculosus Girard. 
153. Sigmistes caulias Rutter. 
Originally described by Rutter (1899) from Karluk. 




FIG. 83.— Sigmistes caulias Rutter. Type. 
154. Blennicottus aeuticeps (Gilbert). 

Head 3.75 in length; depth 5; eye 3.9 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.5; mandible 2; dorsal vm-15; 
anal 11; pectoral 13; ventral i, "3; branch iostegals 6. 

Body rather elongate, the dorsal contour arched under the spinous dorsal, tapering behind to a 
slender caudal peduncle, the least depth of which equals eye; head rather small, its upper profile 
arched; mouth small, horizontal, maxillary reaching to anterior margin of orbit; teeth in viliform 
bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; interorbital rather narrow, concave; snout rather sharp and pointed; 
nasal spines present, rather strong; one pair of supraorbital and two pairs of occipital cirri, these rather 
long; preopercle with only one (the upper) spine present, this covered with skin — when exposed it is 
seen to be rather sharp and stout, curved upward; gill-membranes forming a broad fold across isthmus; 
no evident slit behind last gill-arch; a rather strong suprascapular spine; spinous dorsal rather high, 
of uniform height, the slender spines (3 in head) united to their tips by the thin transparent membrane, 
the base of spinous dorsal a trifle longer than head; soft dorsal somewhat lower, its rays longer than 
spines, 2.1 in head, but slanting backward when fin is extended; base of soft dorsal 2.75 in head; the 
anal about the same length; pectoral long, graduated, the lowest rays short and stout, free at the ends 
and hooked, the fin extending beyond origin of anal, nearly as long as head; ventral 1.5 in head, rather 
long and narrow, extending beyond vent and nearly to base of anal; caudal somewhat narrow, rounded, 
its length 1.2 in head. 

B. B. F. 1906—21 



322 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Color in alcohol slaty blue above, gradually fading to dusky white below; a dusky patch at front 
edge of dorsal: anal and lower rays of caudal speckled; pectorals dusky; ventrals and soft dorsal plain. 

The collection contains 227 specimens varying from 1.5 to 2.5 inches. Two of these were collected 
by the Albatross in 1894. one in Promise Bay and the other at Atka Island. One is a female containing 
mature eggs the size of mustard seed. The other specimens were collected by Mr. Rutter on the beach 
at Karluk. June 8-10. 1903. 

The following counts of 159 specimens collected at Karluk show the variations in the anal rays: 
Seven have 13 anal rays, 106 have 12 anal rays, 45 have 11 anal rays, and 1 has 10 anal rays. 

These also show great variation in color and in markings, the ground color varying from plain 
olivaceous to rosy, and some being almost plain, others much speckled and mottled. In all these 
specimens the 2 black blotches on spinous dorsal are present, but they vary in size and distinctness. 
In many the tips of the spines project slightly as minute filaments, and the fin is not evenly rounded, 
being higher in front. In embryum the fin is not so high, but is rounded, being higher in the center. 
This species can not be separated from B. embryum on the number of the anal rays, as both frequently 
have 11, embryum usually having 10 or 11 and acuticeps varying from 10 to 13. 

Described by Gilbert (1893) as Oligocottus acuticeps, from Unalaska. Recorded by Rutter (1899), 
as Oxycottus acuticeps, from Karluk. 

155. Blennicottus globiceps (Girard). 

Recorded by Bean (1881) as Oligocottus globiceps, from the following places: Sitka; Shahafka Cove, 
Kodiak Island; Adak and Amchitka. 

156. Blennicottus embryum (Jordan & Starks). 

Three specimens (nos. 02224 and 02227), each about 1.75 inches long, collected by Mr. Rutter at Karluk 
early in July; and 64 specimens 1 to 2.75 inches long, collected by him at Karluk, June 8-10, 1903. 

Head 3.33 in length; depth 4,8; eye 3.2 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.5; mandible 3; interorbital 1.25; 
dorsal ix, 15; anal 10; branchiostegals 6; pectoral 14; ventral i, 4; pores about 34 (?). 




Fig. 84.— Blennicottus embryum (Jordan & Starks). Type. 

Body somewhat elongate, tapering to a rather slender caudal peduncle, the depth of which is some- 
what more than diameter of orbit; head rather small, compressed, the profile rounded ; mouth horizontal, 
quite small; tip of maxillary reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of orbit; teeth minute, on jaws, 
vomer, and palatines; nasal spines rather stout; interorbital space rather narrow, concave; apparently no 
slit behind last gill-opening; preopercular spine single., covered with skin; when dissected out, it is 
seen to be simple, short, stout, sharp, and slightly curved upward. Spinous dorsal rather low, rounded, 
its longest spine about 3 in head, its base about equal to head; longest dorsal ray about 1.6 in head; 
base of soft dorsal about 2.66 in body; pectoral rather broad, acute, about 1.5 times head and extending 
beyond origin of anal; ventrals long and slender, 1.3 in head, reaching beyond vent nearly to anal; 
anal papilla prominent in the male. 

Color in alcohol: Six saddle-shaped blackish blotches along dorsal, reaching about to lateral line, 
pale roundish spots between these; lower part of body and all fins but ventrals finely mottled. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



323 



157. Blennicottus clarkL Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 2.75 in length; depth 5.5; eye 3.3 in head; snout 4.3; dorsal vi-12; anal 12; pectoral 21; ven- 
tral i, 3; branchiostegals 6. 

Body elongate, slightly compressed, tapering gradually from occiput to narrow caudal peduncle, 
the least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 in eye and 2 in its length; vent median, much nearer base of 
anal than base of ventral. 

Head rather large, somewhat depressed; snout bluntly rounded from above, its anterior profile gently 
rounded; mouth horizontal, tip of premaxillary below lower margin of orbit, maxillary reaching vertical 
at middle of pupil; teeth minute on jaws, those on vomer and palatines barely discernible; nasal 
spine short, sharp, and weak; interorbital very narrow, not evidently concave, about 4 in eye; occiput 
with 2 faint ridges, area between them somewhat concave; opercle thickened above, ending behind 




Fig. 85. — Blennicottus clarki Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 

in a round lobe; 2 preopercular spines, the upper simple, stout, curving upward and inward, covered 
with membrane, the lower, on lower limb of preopercle, short, directed downward and forward; no 
evident nasal cirri, and none evident on lateral line; a strong cirrus on tip of maxillary, a small one 
near base of upper preopercular spine, and a small one on opercular flap, one on shoulder above base 
of pectoral, rest of body smooth without further cirri or other prickles. 

Origin of dorsal over upper base of pectoral, spines rather high, second, third, and fourth highest, 
about 1.4 in head, free at tip, the tips slightly club-shaped; interval between spines very short; soft 
dorsal nearly as nigh as spinous dorsal, the middle rays highest, about 2 in head; caudal rounded, long 
and narrow, 1.3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals long and narrow, reaching nearly to vent, 
2 in head; pectoral broad and falcate, upper rays longest, reaching beyond origin of anal, its base 
strongly procurrent, parallel with gill-cleft and close behind it, length from lower edge of axil to tip 
about 1.1 in head. 

Color in alcohol brownish-olivaceous on upper part of side, mottled with small white spots; occipi- 
tal and interorbital region darkest, region above lateral line light olivaceous; an indistinct darker bar 



324 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



under spinous and a similar one under middle of soft dorsal, a dark blotch at base of caudal; dorsal, 
caudal, and pectoral indistinctly blotched and mottled with brown, these tending to form bands; a 
dark area at base of pectoral; anal and ventral plain. 

This species is most closely related to Blennicottus acuticeps, from which it differs markedly in 
having a blunter snout, narrower interorbital, larger head and eye; fewer dorsal spines and rays; no 
nasal cirri and none on lateral line. 

Type no. 57824 U. S. National Museum, a specimen 2 inches long, collected by the Albatross at 
station 3598, Bering Sea, June 8, 1894. We have 1 other specimen, 1.2 inches long, from same place. 

Named for our friend and associate, Mr. II. Walton Clark, of the Bureau of Fisheries, in recogni- 
tion of his valuable assistance in the preparation of this report. 




Fig. 86.— Histiocottus bilobus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 

158. Histiocottus bilobus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 

We have 4 specimens 9 to 10 inches long from Karluk; 1 specimen 6 inches long from station 
4259; and another 6 inches long, Tongass Narrows, October 28, 1905. It is recorded by Bean from 
St. Paul. Kodiak, as Blepsias bilobus. 




Fig. 87.— Blepsias cirrhosus (Pallas). 

159. Blepsias cirrhosus (Pallas). 

Ninety-five specimens of this species were taken at various points from Puget Sound to Kodiak 
Island. They range in length from 1.25 to 7.5 inches and were taken at the following places: Mar- 
'rowstone Point; Kilisut Harbor; Fox Bay; Alert Bay; Cleveland Passage; Metlakatla; Killisnoo, and 
on the beach at Karluk. A female 6 inches long, seined at Marrowstone Point June 29, was ripe with 






THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 325 

eggs of good size (larger than shad eggs) and of bright rosin color. Fifty-six of the specimens were taken 
at Karluk by Mr. Rutter. These were 1.25 to 1.8 inches long, and the dorsal counts in many of them 
were iv, m-24; the young have a distinct color pattern, showing the pale blotches on fins very distinctly. 
These blotches are not so distinct on larger examples, indicating that the young are much more bril- 
liantly colored. 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay; Iliuliuk and Chernofski, 
Unalaska; Bay of Islands, Adak; Kyska, and St. Paul Island. Gilbert (1895), Unalaska. 

160. Nautiscus pribilovius Jordan & Gilbert. 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Unalaska, Adak, Kyska, and St. Paul, Kodiak Island, as Nautichthys 
oculofasciatus; under the same name by Gilbert (1895) from Bristol Bay and south of the Alaskan Pen- 
insula at stations 3213, 3217, 3220, 3222, 3231, to 3234, 3236, 3246, 3274, 3281, 3290 to 3294, 3296, 3300, 
and 3302. The species was described by Jordan & Gilbert in 1899, the type coming from St. George 
Island and a cotype from Unalaska. 

161. Nautichthys oculo fascia tus (Girard). 

One specimen 4 inches long from station 4209, Admiralty Inlet; 1 specimen 4.3 inches long from 
station 4219, mouth of Oak Bay. 

162. Ulca marmorata (Bean). 

A specimen (no. 2917) 12.5 inches long from station 4255, Chilkoot Inlet, is described as follows: 

Head 2.6 in length; depth 5; eye 5.5 in head; snout 4; maxillary 1.5; mandible 1.28; interorbital 
2.5; length of middle pectoral rays 1.5; second dorsal spine, including filament, 2.5; longest dorsal ray 
2.6; caudal 2; longest anal rays 2.7; ventrals 3.1. 

Head very broad, depressed, the body tapering gradually to the slender caudal peduncle; mouth 
large, oblique, the maxillary extending beyond pupil; the mandible strongly projecting; teeth very 
strong on jaws, vomer, palatines, premaxillaries, and tongue, many of them enlarged and canine-like; 
head very rough, with numerous large bluntish spines, those on supraocular and occiput largest and 
strongest; one large blunt spine at upper angle of opercle followed by a long curved ridge; preopercle 
with 4 blunt diverging spines, the second one from top longest; opercle with a strong ridge; interorbital 
very broad and concave; body everywhere, especially above, covered with low blunt tubercles; under 
parts with soft tubercles; lower jaw with numerous cirri, some of them branched, nearly equaling eye in 
length; numerous smaller cirri on upper part of head and anterior part of body. Fins well developed, 
dorsal spines long, ending in filaments; soft dorsal higher than spinous portion; anal rays somewhat 
enlarged; pectoral very large, nearly reaching beginning of anal. 

Besides this large -specimen the collection contains 4 smaller ones, as follows: One 1.8 inches long, 
dredged at station 4270, Litnik Bay; one 2.25 inches long, dredged at station 4281, Chignik Bay; one 2.6 
inches long, dredged at station 4279, Alitak Bay; one 3 inches long dredged at station 4293. 

Originally described by Bean (1891), as Hemitripterus marmoratus, from Albatross station 2855, off 
Sitkalidak Island. Recorded by Gilbert (1895) under the same name from stations 3224, 3257, 3258, and 
3311 in Bering Sea, north of Unalaska Island. 

163. Hemitripterus cavifrons Lockington. 

We have in the collection a single specimen 8.5 inches long, collected by the Albatross at Petro- 
paulski, June 20, 1903. Recorded by Bean (1882) from Kodiak as Hemitripterus americanus. 

164. Synchirus gdlli Bean. 

One specimen 1.5 inches long picked off an anemone at Quarantine Dock, Port Townsend, June 
27, 1903. 

Dorsal ix-20; anal 20. No spiny tubercles on lateral line; no series of spiny scales along dorsal 
base. 



326 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



165. Psychrolutes paradoxus Glint her. 

Eighty-seven specimens, from 0.75 to 2.4 inches long, were secured by the Albatross in Otter Bay, 
May 31, 1895, and at stations 4223, 4228, 4257, 4270, 4271, 4273, 4274, 4275, 4283, 4285, 4290, 4291. These 
stations range from Puget Sound to Kodiak Island. 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Kodiak Island. Gilbert (1895), as Psychrolutes zebra, from stations 3213, 
3215, to 3217, 3219, 3222, to 3225, 3257 to 3259, 3263, 3265, 3272, 3310, 3311, 3313, 3322, 3334, in shallow 
water south of the Alaskan Peninsula, thence west to and through Unimak Pass, along the northern 
shore of Unalaska Island and in Bristol Bay. Under the same name by Bean (1891) from station 2848, 
between Unga and Xagai islands. Jordan & Gilbert (1899), stations 3640 off St. Paul Island and 3674 
off Kodiak Island at Karluk. 




Fig. 88. — Psychrolutes paradoxus Gunther. 
166. Gilbertidia sigolutes (Jordan & Starks). 

Head 2.7 in length; depth 3; eye 4.7 in head, equaling snout; interorbital 2; width of mouth 2; 
dorsal vi, 21; anal 15; pectoral 15; ventral 3. 

Body short and tadpole-like, tapering rapidly from the very large head to the narrow caudal 
peduncle; head very large, globular; snout short and evenly rounded; interorbital very broad, gently 
convex; mouth large, broad, jaws subequal; maxillary slender, weak, reaching front of eye; teeth 
in jaws weak, apparently in a single row; vomer and palatines toothless. Dorsal fin much larger than 
anal, partly concealed by loose skin; spinous dorsal entirely obliterated except the tips of the last 3 




Fig. 89.— Gilbertidia sigolutes (Jordan & Starks). 

spines, which project above the skin as mere tubercles; origin of anal nearly under fourth dorsal ray; 
tips of last dorsal and anal rays overlapping base of caudal fin; caudal fin evenly rounded; pectoral 
well developed, its upper rays longest, reaching origin of anal fin, the lower rays somewhat enlarged, 
their tips free; ventrals small, short, barely reaching vent; nostrils with conspicuous nasal flaps; 
lower jaw, side of head, and side of body above pectoral fin with conspicuous mucous pores. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



327 



Color in alcohol, brownish white: the back in front of dorsal crossed by a broad bluish band: region 
under pectorals and ventrals bluish: head everywhere above finely punctate with brownish: under 
part of head whitish: fins all plain bluish white. 

One specimen. 2.5 inches long, was dredged at station 4256, in 73 fathoms, in Chilkoot Inlet, July 16, 
1903, and a specimen lj 1 - inches long, at station 4257. off Funter Bay. Two specimens, each about 
1.5 inches long, were seined at Loring, April 25. 1903. by Mr. Chamberlain. 



Family 34. RHAMPHOCOTTID.F. 



16' 



Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther. 

The collection contains the following specimens: 

Two collected by the Albatross in Straits of Fuca (1891); 2 seined at mouth of Hood Canal; 5 from 
stations 4197, 4204, 4205. 4209. 4212. These differ from current descriptions in that the tubercles are 
simple and prickly, but not bifid or trifid. Dorsal spines not always vn. sometimes vrti, and in one 
case vn-11: first pectoral rays and the dorsal rays prickly for their whole length; black spot not always 
present on all the dorsal rays. There are numerous tubercles on upper half of membrane of eye. 

This species was recorded from St. Paul. Kodiak Island, by Bean (1882). 




Fig. 90. — Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther. 

Family 35. AGOMD.F. The Sea-Poachers. 
168. Hypsagonus quadricornis (Cuvier £ Valenciennes). 

Specimens from 1.5 to 2 inches long were taken in 1903 at the following Albatross stations: 4204, 
4205-7, 4212, 4268, 4284, one specimen being taken at each station. The species was also seen at 
Fort Rupert and Admiralty Inlet. 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from north and south of the Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay at 
stations 3213, 3214, 3217, 3220, 3223, 3224, 3262, and 3322. 



32S 



BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
169. Occa dodecaedron (Tilesius . 



Recorded by Nelson (1887) from Unalaktik and by Gilbert (1895), as Brachuopsis dodeoaedrus, from 
Bristol Bay at stations 3239. 3240. 3242. and 324S. 




Fig. 91.— Occa dodecaedron (TUesius). 
170. Pallasina barbata Steindachner). 

Twelve specimens. 2.25 to 4 inches long, seined in Funter Bay; one. 4.75 inches long, seined in 
Kilisut Harbor: two. 3.8 and 5 inches long, seined in Cleveland Passage: all collected by the Albatross 
in 1903. 

These specimens might just as well be called P. aix. except for the 3 or more rows of plates (some- 
times 2 1 on median line in front of ventrals. P. aix is said to have but 2 and the neighboring plates small. 
These specimens have 2 or 3. and the other plates small or large. The barbel is short, in barbata it 
should be long. 

Recorded as Siphagonus barbata (Bean 1882) from Port Mulgrave. Yakutat Bay: Unalaska: Port 
Clarence. Albatross stations 3239. 3240. 3242 to 3245. and 3258. all in Bristol Bay Gilbert 1893). 
niuliuk. Unalaska (Turner 1886). Port- Clarence (Scofield 1897). 




Fig. 92.— Pallasina barbata (Steindachner). 

171. Pallasina aix Starks. 

Recorded from Chignik Bay (Scofield 1899 . 

172. Podothecus acipenserinus (TUesius). 

Thirteen specimens. 2 to 5.5 inches, no label, but probably from Alaska: ten. 3 to S.5 inches long, 
collected by the Albatross at stations 3598. 3600. and at Port Ludlow: twenty- five. 4.5 to 8 inches long, 
collected by the Albatross in 1903 at stations 4270 to 4272. 4276. and 4296: also at Marrowstone Point, 
and seined at Quarantine Station: one .specimen taken at Yes Bay by the Albatross in 1905. 




x _-> 



Fig. 



-Podotbecus acipenserinus (TUesius). 



In most of the specimens the plates on caudal peduncle have spines, which is contrary to current 
descriptions. The color also is different in our specimens; in most of them the black streaks between 
plates are absent: the 3 black bars on caudal peduncle and the one under anterior part of soft dorsal 
are not noted in current descriptions. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



329 



Originally described by Tilesius from Unalaska. Recorded by Bean (1882) from St. Paul, Kodiak 
Island: Unalaska; Cape Lisburne; Arctic Ocean. From many stations (44) around the Aleutian Islands 
and in Bristol Bay by Gilbert (1895). From St. Paul Island by Townsend (1887). 



^ss&^Sl 




Fig. 94.— Averruncus emmelane Jordan & Starks. 
173. Averruncus emmelane Jordan & Starks. 

One specimen, 6.25 inches long, dredged at station 4222, mouth of Hood Canal. Only 2 other 
specimens known. They were taken in a seine near Port Orchard, Puget Sound, by E. C. Starks. 




Fig. 95. — Sarritor frenatus Gilbert. 
174. Sarritor frenatus Gilbert. 

Six specimens, 2.5 to 10.5 inches long, collected by the Albatross at stations 3598, 3599, 4290, and 
4292. Originally described by Gilbert (1895) as Odontopyxis frenatus from Albatross stations 3219, 3225 to 
3227, 3255 to 3258, 3263, 3269, 3279, 3282, 3309, 3311, 3313, and 3330, located on both sides of the Alaskan 
Peninsula and both north and south of the Aleutian Chain. 

175. Sarritor leptorhynchus (Gilbert). 

Seven specimens, 3.25 to 4.5 inches long, were dredged at stations 4268, 4279, 4283, 4285, and 4286. 
Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north and south of the Alaskan Peninsula at stations 3215, 
3219, 3222, 3229, 3259, 3265, and 3267. 




Fig. 96.— Bathyagonus nigripinnis Gilbert. 

176. Bathyagonus nigripinnis Gilbert. 

The collection contains 36 specimens, 2.25 to 8 inches long, dredged by the Albatross in 1903 at 
stations 4191, 4198, 4231, 4235, 4236, 4238, 4240, 4241, 4250 to 4252, 4258, and 4266. The species was 
originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north and south of Unalaska at stations 3210, 3316, 3324, 
3325, 3329 to 3332, and 3337. 



bulletin as :zz bureau or FISHERIES. 

177. Xen: : in: rus :^:i: inthus Gilbert. 

This species - erally distributed from Page* Sound to Bering Sea. It was never taken 

abundantly . but was found at a great many different places. 71 specimens, from 1.6 to 4.65 inches long, 
being taken at stations 3547 Bering Sea , 3597. 4193. 4221. 4223. 4226. 4227. 423S. 4244. 4271, 4274 to 
. . . _ . . . » to 4293. and 42 

It is very doubtful whether the prickly breast {tda&camm and narrow interorbital ipentatanthus) 
which separate pentaamthw and alaseanus are good characters. In this large series some have the 
prickly breast but narrow interorbital. With a larger series these 2 species would very probably run 
together. 

178. Xenochirus alascanns Gilbert. 

Ihis - —as not taken by us. It was originally described by Gilbe: I \ fr-oan vicinity of 

Unimak Pass at stations 3216. 3219. 3223. 3225 to 3226, £ _ . 3263, 3309 to 3311. 3313, 3322, 3334, 

3336. and 3339. Recorded from Earluk (Jordan & Gilbert M 

179. Xenochirus latifrons Gilbert. 

142 specimens. 3.5 to 6 inches long, collected by J. P. Todd near Seattle, 1903. 

180. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington. 

One specimen. 2.65 inches long, dredged at station 4221; one specimen. 2.4 inches long, dredged at 
station 4193: the species also seen at station 4226, near Loring, and station 4243. Kasaan Bay. Recorded 
from Sitka by Bean (1882 1 as Podothecus trispinosus. 

181. Aspidophoroides gruitheri Bean. 

Originally described by Bean /1886 ) 'from Alaska.'" in Bering Sea. perhaps. Xot found by recent 

: :L>:::r= 



^® 




J::- -'—---- : : . i-?i rir.-^-r. I -iz. 

182. Aspidophoroides bartoni Gilbert. 

Heveo specimens. 2 to 5.25 inches long, were dredged at stations 3599 (Bering Sea -_" -.'.' 
127 -:.■ --■' - - ■- 4291. and 42 2 TiJs species was originaUy described by Gilbert iT1895 » ftom 
north and south of the Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay from 41 different dredging stations, ranging 
en 3213 and 3311. 

153 Asp:i:pi::r::ie5 ir.err^:s --.:::_-:_-: 

One specimen. 2.75 inches long, dredged at station 4272: one specimen. 4 inches, mouth Hood 
Canal, collected by the Albatross. 1903. The type of this species came from Unalaska. The species 
was also taken at Albatross stations 3213. 3219. 3220. 3265. and 3322. these in Bristol Bay and north and 
south of the Aleutian group. 

Family;' ... PTERID.-E. The Lump Stickers. 

184. Eumicrotremus orbis 'Guntli- 

One specimen 1.1 inches long, mouth of Hood Canal. July 1: one specimen 1 inch long dredged at 

imen 1.5 inches long dredged at station 4291: one specimen 3.S5 inches long, taken 

>mach of cod caught in Bering Sea in spring of 1902 in 500 feet of water. The species has also 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 331 

been recorded from Iliuliuk, Unalaska, and from St. Paul Island (Bean 1882) as Eumicrotremus spinosus. 
South of Sannak Islands and in Bristol Bay from stations 3213, 3258, and 3274 (Gilbert 1895). Off St. 
Paul Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

185. Lethrotremus muticus Gilbert. 

This species, not taken by recent collectors, was described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3223 and 
3258. near Unimak Pass. 








Fig. 98.— Lethrotremus muticus Gilbert. 

186. Cyclopteroides gyrinops Garman. 

Recorded from St. Paul Island (Garman 1892) and Dutch Harbor (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

187. Cyclopterichthys ventricosus (Pallas . 

Xo. 02234 and 02298, 8.5 and 7.75 inches long, respectively, collected by Rutter at Karluk in 1903. 
These 2 specimens show the two different schemes of coloration noted in descriptions. Recorded from 
St. Paul Island (Kincaid 1899). 

Family 37. UPARIDID^E. The Sea Snail, 
188. Neoliparis rutteri Gilbert & Snyder. 

Head 4 in length; depth 4.33; eye 4.6 in head; snout 3; interorbital equal to snout; dorsal v, 28; 
anal 26; pectoral 33; caudal 14; branchiostegals 6. 

Body tadpole-shaped, anterior portion to origin of anal rounded, the remainder greatly compressed; 
dorsal outline gently arched: ventral outline of 2 gentle arches meeting each other at a broad angle at 
the origin of anal; head small, depressed: snout broadly rounded viewed from above, truncate from 
the side; mouth narrow, horizontal, with little lateral cleft and mandible barely included; lips rather 
thin; teeth small, white, tricuspid, in several rows in each jaw; nostrils inconspicuous, anterior with a 
small tube: several mucous pores on head along ramus of lower jaw and behind eye: gill-slit narrow, 
slightly wider than eye. entirely above upper base of pectoral: opercle ending in a soft sharp flap. 

Dorsal fin low, its origin over middle of pectoral, its length about 3.5 times head, the fin quite low, the 
posterior rays longer, margin minutely crenulate, longest ray about 2.5 in head; anal similar to dorsal, 
its origin under about the third or fourth dorsal ray, last ray of anal slightly posterior to last dorsal ray and 
both fins slightly united to caudal at the tips of their last rays; caudal truncate, long and slender, its 
length about 1.2 in head; pectorals broad, of 2 lobes, the upper broad and rounded, lower narrow, its 



332 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



margin ill defined, and not very distinct from upper lobe: rays somewhat produced, longest ray consid- 
erably shorter than upper lobe, length of upper lobe 1.3 in head, tip reaching vent: ventral disk nearly 
circular, its length 1.6 in head, 13 horny lobes, rather deciduous. 

Color jet black above, lighter on belly, a white crescent-shaped line across base of caudal, extending 
on tip of last dorsal and anal ray: caudal indistinctly barred with black and white bars; dorsal and anal 
fins dark, edges with a narrow black border. 

We have 13 specimens, varying from 0.75 to 2.75 inches long, collected by Mr. Rutter at Karluk. 
June 8-10. 1903. The species is recorded by Rutter ^1899; from Karluk and Uyak Bay. 




;iSi-i«i^aJ>« pr *«E 



lilted 




Fig. 99.— Neoliparis rutteri Gilbert <fc Snyder. 
189. Neoliparis callyodon Pallas. 

One hundred and twenty-six specimens. 0.75 to 5 inches long, secured in 1903 from the following 
places: Shakan Bay: Diamond Point: Point Ellis: Funter Bay: stations 4205-7; Xaha Bay. Loring; 
Xeah Bay. and at Karluk. 

Recorded (Bean 1882, as Liparis callioclon) from Port Etches: Belkofski: Sanborn Harbor. Shu- 
magins: Xateekin Bay. Unalaska; Adak: Amchitka: St. Michael. Unalaska (Gilbert 1895). Karluk 
and Uyak Bay I Rutter 1899). St. Michael (Turner 1886, as Liparis caUiodon). Jordan & Gilbert 1899 
found it at Captains Harbor, Unalaska; St. Paul Island; St. George Island, and Sitka. 




Fig. 100.— Neoliparis callyodon (Pallas). 

190. Liparis cyclopus Giinther. I PL xvrn. fig. 1. 

Recorded from Unalaska (Bean 1882) as Liparis cyclopus; Atka Island 'Turner 1886) as Liparis 
cyclopus; Bristol Bay. at station 3230 'Gilbert 1895). 

191. Liparis fucensis Gilbert. 

Twelve specimens, 1.4 to 3.25 inches long, dredged at stations 4208, 4220, 4270 to 4272. 4289, and 
4302. and mouth Hood ('anal: and 22 ' small i from station 4256. 



Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XVIII. 








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Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XIX. 



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Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XX. 









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p^ 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



192. Liparis agassizii Putnam. 



333 



Recorded from Unalaska and St. Paul Island (Bean 1882) as Liparis gibbus. Bristol Bay at stations 
3241, 3247, and 3305 (Gilbert 1895). Point Barrow' (Murdoch 1885). 




Fig. 101.— Liparis agassizii Putnam. 

193. Liparis herschelinus Scofield. (PI. xvm, fig. 2.) 

Recorded from Herschel Island, Arctic Ocean (Scofield 1899). 

194. Liparis cyclostigma Gilbert. (PI. xix.) 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from Bristol Bay at station 3252, near Unalaska. 

195. Liparis pulchellus Ayres. 

Recorded from St. Paul, Kodiak Island, and from Iliuliuk, Unalaska (Bean 1882); Tongass (Bean 
1884); station 3269 in Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895). 

196. Crystallichthys mirabilis Jordan & Gilbert. (PL xx, fig. 1.) 

Recorded from station 3638, off St. Paul Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

197. Careproctus simus Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of LTnalaska at station 3331. 

198. Careproctus colletti Gilbert. 

One specimen, 3.5 inches long, from station 4295, Shelikof Straits. 

This specimen differs somewhat from current descriptions-, the head is 4, not 6; distance from tip 
of snout to origin of anal is 2.5, not 3.66. Color almost white, not dusky, though our specimen may have 
faded. Mouth and gill cavity not dusky: peritoneum white, not dusky. 

This species was originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3338, south of Alaskan Peninsula. 

199. Careproctus phasma Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from Bristol Bay at stations 3254 and 3256. 

200. Careproctus spectrum Bean. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) from Albatross station 2848, between Unga and Nagai islands. 

201. Careproctus ostentum Gilbert. 
Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska Island at stations 3324 and 3331. 

202. Careproctus ectenes Gilbert. 
Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska at station 3331. 

203. Prognurus cypselurus Jordan & Gilbert. (PL xx. fig. 2.) 
Originally described by Jordan & Gilbert (1899) from Albatross station 3644, off Bogoslof Island. 



334 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



204. Gyrinichthys minytremus Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska Island at station 3331. 

205. Paraliparis holomelas Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska at stations 3308 and 3332. We have 
25 specimens taken at stations 4194, 4202, 4251-4253, 4255, 4258, 4292 and 4293. 

206. Paraliparis cephalus Gilbert. 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska at stations 3225 and 3330. 

207. Paraliparis ulochir Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska at station 3332. 

208. Rhinoliparis barbulifer Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska at stations 3227, 3325, 3326, 3329 to 
3332. 




Fig. 102.— Bathymaster signatus Cope. 

Family 38. BATHYMASTERID^. 
209. Bathymaster signatus Cope. 

Seventeen specimens 1.5 to 11.75 inches long, collected at stations 3856, 3599 (Bering Sea), 4285, 
4289, and at Karluk; Loring; Yes Bay; Redfish Bay; Killisnoo; Sitka; and Pablof Harbor. 

It has been recorded (Bean 1882 and 1884) from Sitka; St. Paul, Kodiak Island; Coal Harbor and 
off Popoff Island, Shumagins; Iliuliuk, Unalaska; Mary Island; Fort Wrangell; Port Chester and 
Xakat. Gilbert (1895) records it as very abundant in the shallow water dredgings along the southern 
shore of the Alaskan Peninsula, northward through Unimak Pass and north of Unalaska at stations 
3211 to 3215, 3217, 3220, 3222, 3223 and 3319, and Jordan & Gilbert (1899) record it from Sitka. 




Fig. 103.— Ronquilus jordani Gilbert. 

210. Ronquilus jordani Gilbert. 

The collection contains 37 specimens 2.5 to 6.75 inches long taken in Admiralty Inlet, at Hood Canal, 
and at stations 4193, 4197, 4204, 4209, 4212, 4213, 4220, 4228, 4272, 4278 and 4289. The species was 
originally described by Gilbert (1889) as Bathymaster jordani from Fort Wrangell. He also records it 
under the same name from station 3262 in Bristol Bay. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 335 

Family 39. TRICHODONTID^. 
211. Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius). 

We have 1. specimen 2.5 inches long collected by the Albatross in Akutan Bay, September 17, 1894. 

The species has been recorded (Bean 1882) as Trichodon stelleri from Coal Harbor and Humboldt 
Harbor, Shumagins; Unalaska, and Cape Etolin, Nunivak Island. Bristol Bay at station 3260 and from 
Herendeen Bay (Gilbert 1895). Mr. H. C. Fassett examined a specimen at Klawak in 1905 which was 
taken near that place. 

Though rare, this curious fish appears to be widely distributed in Alaska. 




Fig. 104.— Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius). 
212. Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner). 
We have 1 specimen 1 inch long collected by the Albatross in Akutan Bay, July 24, 1894, 




Fig. 105.— Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner). 

Family 40. BATRACHOIDID^E. The Toadfishes. 
213. Porich.th.ys notatus Girard. 
The collection contains 6 specimens 5 to 6.75 inches long, collected at Union Bay and at station 4218. 



336 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Family 41. GOBIESOCID^. The Clingfishes. 

214. Caularclius mseandricus (Girard). 

The collection contains 2 specimens, each 2.75 inches long, seined at Fort Rupert June 28, 1903. We 
also have 2 specimens 1.5 and 2.25 inches long taken at Gabriola Island by the Albatross. 




Fig. 106. — Caularchus mseandricus (Girard). 

Family 43. BLENNIIDiE. The Blennies. 

215. Bryostemma poly act ocephalus (Pallas). 

One specimen 7 inches long seined at station 4228; 2 specimens 4.5 inches long dredged at station 
4205; no. 2914, a specimen 11.4 inches long, from station 4253. 




Fig. 107.— Bryostemma polyactocephalus (Pallas). 

In the smaller examples the cirri on the top of head are coarse, thick, and blunt; in the larger exam- 
ples they are quite different, being small and hairlike and not so numerous. 

Recorded from stations 3213 and 3274, north and south of the Alaskan Peninsula (Gilbert 1895) as 
Chirolophus polyactoczphalus. St. Michael (Nelson 1887) and St. Paul (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 




Fig. 108.— Apodichthys flavidus Girard. 
216. Apodichthys flavidus Girard. 
The collection contains 22 specimens 4 to 8 inches long from Sucia Island, May 6, 1894. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



337 



217. Pholis dolicho gaster (Pallas). 

Recorded from Kigiktowik and Unalakleet, Norton Sound (Nelson 1887) as Muraenoides ruberrimus, 
and from Aleutian Islands (Bean 1882) as Muraenoides dolichog aster. 




Fig. 109.— Pholis dolichogaster (Pallas). 

218. Pholis fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider). 

We have 14 specimens 2.25 to -3 inches long, collected by Rutter at Karluk June 8-10, 1903, and one 
specimen 7 inches long collected by Mr. M. C. Marsh at St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group, 1906. The 
species has been recorded from St. Paul Island (Bean 1882) as Murxnoides maxillaris and from Bristol Bay 
at stations 3230, 3232 to 3234 (Gilbert 1895). 

219. Pholis gilli Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 8.66 in length; depth at origin of dorsal 10.5; eye 5 in head; snout 5; maxillary 3.25; man- 
dible 2.5; interorbital 1.5 in eye; dorsal lxxxiv; anal n, 44; pectorals 15; branchiostegals 4. 

Body elongate, greatly compressed, almost ribbon-shaped; head small, upper profile arched, 
anterior profile rounded; a high sharp ridge from nape to snout; snout blunt, short; mouth small, 
very oblique; jaws nearly equal; maxillary reaching anterior edge of orbit; teeth conical, stout, in 
a single row in the jaws, except for a patch on anterior edge of lower jaw, none on vomer and palatines; 
upper lip a high, thin fold continuous posteriorly with the fold on lower lip, latter interrupted by a 




Fig. 110.— Pholis gilli Evermann & Goldsborough. new species. Type. 

broad frenum; nostrils close behind upper lip, posterior in a small tube; a row of conspicuous tubes 
below eye running backward and upward posteriorly; gill-opening free from isthmus, forming a broad 
fold, not continued forward; eye small, anterior, high. 

Origin of dorsal above base of pectoral, its anterior spines concealed in membrane, short, gradually 
lengthening posteriorly, the spines not concealed, the longest spine slightly longer than eye; dorsal 
and anal connected for their entire height, forming a slight notch with the broad rounded caudal, the 
length of caudal about half head; anal low, with 2 short stout spines, membranes thick, nearly con- 
cealing the rays; vent midway between root of pectoral and base of caudal; pectoral short and broadly 
rounded, 2.5 in head; ventral very minute, its rays about equal to spine, which equals pupil. Scales 
minute, covering body, head naked. 

B.B.F.1906— 22 



338 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Color in alcohol: General color brown, the mini:: - - jiving this brown the appearance of small 
white punctulations: a series of 10 white blotches punctate with brown along base of dorsal, each one 
extending from upper edge of fin down upon body, forming semicircular patches about as large as pectoral 
hn: a series of irregular white parallel bars about as wide as eye on anterior lower half of side, these 
broken posteriorly into rows of dots: head pale beneath, a white stripe extending from front of occiput 
through eye to posterior tip of mandible, broadening somewhat as it descends, another small white 
stripe extending vertically along anterior margin of orbit: snout and lower lip brown, chin white: 
caudal and anal dusky: ventral and pectoral plain: dorsal general color of back. 

This fish differs from the description of P. dolkhogaster in having the anterior spines of dorsal short, 
also in having a sharp ridge on interorbital space, and the color entirely different. 

The above from the type. no. 57S26. U. S. National Museum, a specimen 6.75 inches long collected 
in Bering Sea in 1902. sent in by Mrs. E. W. Clark, of Washington. D. C. 

X anted for Dr. Theodore Nicholas Gill. 

220. Pnolis ornatus Girard). 

The collection contains 20S specimens 1.6 to S inches long. It is common along the shores from 
Port Townsend to Unalaska and was collected at the following places: Maxrowstone Point: Admiralty 
Head: Port Townsend; Fort Rupert: Union Bay: Tttridby Island: Kilisut Harbor: Duncan Canal; 
Sucia Island: Tongass Harbor: Metlakahtla: Loring: Yes Bay: Karta: Klawak: Shakan: Flint er Bav: 
Ankau River; Karluk: Litnik: and Unalaska. 




Fig. 111.— Pholis ornatus (Girard). 

There are 2 very distinct color patterns in our specimens. Most of them have the ocellate b 
on the dorsal and upper part of body; others have broad U-shaped dark marks on dorsal and upper 
part of body instead of these dark spots. The latter have from 1 to 3 dark spots on anterior rays of dorsal, 
these sometimes indistinct. 

This species has been recorded as Murxnoides ornatus (Bean 18S2 ) from Sitka: Port Mulgrave, 
Yakutat Bay; Port Etches: Chugachik Bay and Refuge Cove. Cook Inlet; Kodiak: Coal Harbor and 
Sanborn Harbor. Shumagins; Belkofski, Alaska Peninsula: Iliuliuk. Unalaska; Atka: Adak: Amchi- 
tka: Attn and Port Moller, and under the same name by Bean in 1884 front Wrangell and Tongass. 
Unalaska and Herendeen Bay Gilbert 1895 . Karluk and Uyak and Alitak bays I Rutter 1899). 
Atka Island 'Turner 1886) as Murxnoides ornatus. 




Fig. 112.— Anoplarchus atropurpureus (Kittlilz). 
221. Anoplarchus atropurpureus Kiulitz . 

This collection contains 204 specimens one-half to 4.5 inches long. The species is common along 
the shore from Port Townsend to Bering Sea. It was taken at the following places: Gabriola Island, 
Point Ellis. Fort Rupert. Port McArthur. Loring, Shakan Bay. Klawak. Alitak Narrows. Karluk, 
Uyak Bay. and Atka Island. 

It has been recorded from St. Michael by Nelson L887 By Bean 1882 from Sitka: Port 
Mulgrave: Kodiak Island: Coal Harbor. Sanborn Harbor, and Popoff Straits. Shumagins: Unalaska; 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



339 



Xazan Bay, Atka; Amchitka; Kyska Harbor; Port Etches; St. Michael. Wrangell, Mary Island, and 
Tongass (Bean 1884). Unalaska (Gilbert 1895). Rutter (1899) found it common at Karluk, and in 
Uyak, and Alitak bays. 

222. Xiphistes ch.irus (Jordan & Gilbert). 

Recorded by Bean (1882) from Adak and Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. 





^-v>:r, 




Fig. 113.— Xiphistes chirus (Jordan & Gilbert). 

223. Xiphidion mucosum Girard. 

The collection contains 14 specimens, 1.5 to 6.75 inches long, collected at Gabriola Island. Point 
Ellis, and Port Rupert. The species has been recorded from Wrangell and Mary Island by Bean (1882) 
as Xiphistes mucosas. 

224. Xiphidion rupestre (Jordan & Gilbert). 

We have 1 specimen 5 inches long from Cedar Island, Loring. June 17, 1904. Bean (1882) 
records it from Sitka as Xiphister rupestris. 




Fig. 114.— Xiphidion rupestre (Jordan & Gilbert). Type. 



225. Opisthocentrus ocellatus (Tilesius). 

We have 8 specimens, 5.5 to 7 inches long, collected at Tareinski Harbor, Kamchatka, 1900, by 
the Albatross. 

226. Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries). 

The collection contains 3 specimens 4 to 5.5 inches long from Albatross stations 4274 and 4279. 
Recorded from station 3223 in Unimak Pass and stations 3252, 3253, 3257 to 3259, 3279 and 3309. all in 
Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895). 

227. Poroclinus rothrocki Bean. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) from Albatross station 2852, between Xagai and Big Koniushi 
Island. Station 3312, north of Unalaska Island (Gilbert 1895). 

228. Lumpenus medius (Reinhardt). (PI. xxi, fig. 1.) 

Head 5 in length; depth 8.9; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.6; interorbital 3 in eye; dorsal lviii; anal ir, 
35 (35 to 38); pectoral 14; ventral 3; caudal 2.2 in head; ventral 2.75; pectoral 1.35. 

The collection contains 21 specimens, 2.5 to 11 inches long, collected at stations 4243, 4270 to 
4272, 4274 to 4276, 4280, 4281, 4287, and in Kasaan Bav. 



340 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

229. Lumpenus ang-uillaris (Pallas . 

This specie? was found to be quite common. It was taken at various points and seen at many others 
from Seattle to Atka Island. One hundred and fifty-two specimens, ranging from 1.75 to 14.5 inches 
in length, were secured from the following places: Seattle; Kilisut Harbor: Duncan Canal: Loring: 
Ankau River: New Morzhovoi: Pablof Harbor: Akutan Bay: Makushin Bay: Unalaska: Atka: and 
stations 4214. 421$. 4236. 4272. and 4296. 

Recorded (Bean 1882) from Port Mulgrave. Yakutat Bay: Chugachik Bay. Cook Inlet: Port Leyas- 
hef. Iliuliuk and Chernofski. Unalaska: TTrangell and Sitka, and. in cruise of the Conrin. from Point 
Belcher. Also from Norton Sound (Nelson 18S7). Nakat Harbor and Boca de Quadra (Bean 1884 . 
Unalaska I Gilbert 1S< : 5 . 

230. Lumpenus mackayi Gilbert. 
Originally describe! by Gilbert (1895) from mouth of Nushagak River. 

231. Lumpenus fabricii (Olivier & Valenciennes). 
Recorded from Bristcl Bay at stations 3241 to 3244 (Gilbert 1895) as Leptoblennius nubilus. 
232. Lumpenus longirostris Evermann & Goldsborough. new species. 

Head 5.25 in length; depth 8.2; eye 4.75 in head; snout 2.8; dorsal lxiii (lxhi to lxxi : anal in 
(m to v ). 39 (38 to 42 ) ; intei orbital 1.2 in eye. 

Body elongate, compressed; head long, compressed, interorbital slightly convex; eye large, elon- 
gate, median, high; snout long, blunt, and projecting, mouth small, nearly horizontal, lower jaw included: 
maxillary not nearly reaching eye. reaching halfway from tip of snout to posterior edge of eye; teeth in a 
single crowded row on each jaw. crowded and more or less in a patch anteriorly, no teeth on vomer or 
palatines; gill-openings continued forward to below anterior edge of pupil, the membranes then narrowly 
joined to isthmus. 




Fig. 115.— Lumpenus longirostris Evermann &. Goldsborough.. new species. Type. 

Dorsal fin beginning immediately above upper end of gill-opening, the spines short, strong, and pun- 
gent, none of them flexible,, the anterior ones very short, less than width of pupil, the fin gradually 
increasing in height to opposite front of anal, thence decreasing very slowly to posterior end, the longest 
spine about 1.3 in snout, the third ray from last two-thirds height of longest ray, the tips of the spines 
naked for about one-quarter of their height; anal with 3 (in most examples 4) strong spines similar to 
those of dorsal fin. the first half as high as second, which equals third, soft rays all forked and of about 
equal length, the last 3 free for upper third of their length; caudal rounded, 1.9 in head; ventral short, 
of 1 short sharp strong spine, equal to perpendicular diameter of eye, and 3 simple rays, the fin 2 in snout : 
pectoral large, rounded, the middle rays longest, 1.5 in head. 

Scales small, smooth, rounded, covering entire body and head, those of head smaller and more 
closely imbricated. 

The foregoing description from the type no. 57827 U. S. National Museum, a specimen 9.3 inches 
long, taken in Lynn Canal. July 16. 1903. at Albatross station 4255. The Bureau of Fisheries cotype is 
no. 5232; Stanford University Museum, no. 20013; Field Museum of Natural History, no. 6116; 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 33005. 

Life colors of one example: Back and upper side light olivaceous with darker brownish blotches; 
middle of side and underparts sooty blue; middle part of belly blackish; pectoral and ventral dark; 
dorsal pale yellowish at base, a narrow dark line near edge/' 

a Not necessarily color of type, it not being known from wlueh specimen the note was taken. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



341 



Color in spirits, grayish olivaceous, edge of dorsal, anal, and of gill-opening black; pectoral, caudal, 
ventral, and lips black; a dark blotch on opercle; belly and top of head slightly darker than body. 

Measurements of 19 Examples of Lumpen us longirostris from Station 4254. 



No. 


Length. 


Head. 


Depth. 


Eye. 


Snout. 


Dorsal. 


Anal. 




Inches. 














52 


6i 


5| 


n 


±4 


2| 
2f 


LXV 


iv, 40 


53 


8 


5J 


9f 


5 


LXVI 


iv, 40 


54 


7 


5f 


9| 


5 


2| 
2| 


LXX 


iv, 42 


55 


7 


51 
5! 


9f 


5 


LXV 


iv, 40 


56 


6| 


9f 


54 


3 


LXV 


IV, 41 


57 


6f 


54 


9f 


54 


2| 


LXVI 


IV. 41 


58 


84 


oh 


9§ 


54 


2| 


LXIV 


iv, 40 


59 


5J 


5| 


10 


5 


• 2| 


LXIV 


v, 38 


60 


1 


5£ 


9! 


54 


2| 


LXIV 


IV. 41 


61 


1 


9| 


5 


3 


LXIV 


IV. 39 


62 


44 


10i 


44 


3 


LXIV 


iv, 40 


63 


7i 


64 


91 


5 


2| 


LXVTI 


iv. 43 


64 


84 


6 


84 


5f 


2| 


LXV 


IV, 40 


65 


n 


51 


94 


54 


2| 


LXIV 


iv, 41 


66 


77 


5f 


9| 
8| 


5 


34 


LXIV 


iv, 40 


67 


7 


54 


5 


2| 


LXIV 


IV, 40 


68 


6 


54 


94 


5f 


3 


LXIV 


IV, 41 


69 


74 


51 


9| 


44 


3 


LXV 


rv, 39 


70 


64 


5f 


10 


5f 


2| 


LXVI 


IV, 42 

1 



This species may be readily distinguished by its very long snout, in which respect it differs from 
all the other species of Lumpeniis, and in the naked tips of the dorsal spine. We have 60 other specimens, 
ranging in length from 2.5 to 9.87 inches, all of which we take as cotypes. They were collected at stations 
4238, 4251, 4252, 4254, 4255, and 4256. 




Mi 

Fig. 116.— Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius). 
233. Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius). 

Recorded from St. Michael (Xelson 1887, Bean 1879). Cape Lisbourne (Bean 1882) as Notograrhmus 
rothrockii. Bristol Bay at station 3239 and from Karta Bay (Gilbert 1895). 

Family 43. CRYPTACANTHODID^. 

234. Delolepis virgatus Bean. 

The collection contains a specimen (no. 1660), 40 inches long, collected at Dutch Harbor, 1893 or 
1894. Species originally described by Bean (1882) from Kingcombe Inlet, British Columbia, and Port 
Wrangell; recorded also from Unalaska (Gilbert 1895). 




^7^2%^^7^^^ 



^^^^^^^^ 



Fig. 117.— Lyconectes aleutensis Gilbert. 
235. Lyconectes aleutensis Gilbert 



Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3312, north of Unalaska. 



342 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Family 44. AXARHICHADIM. The Wolf-Fishes. 
236. Anarhichas lepturus (Bean). 
Recorded from St. Michael and Kigiktowik (Nelson 1887); also from St. Michael ( Turner 1886). 





Fig. 118.— Anarhichas lepturus (Bean). 
Family 45. PTILICHTHYIDJE. The Ouill-Fishes. 

237. Ptilichthys goodei Bean. 

One specimen. 13.5 inches long, from Snug Harbor. August 6, 1903, caught in dip net over rail of 
ship. Originally described by Bean (1882) from Port Levashef, Unalaska. Recorded by Gilbert 
(1895") from station 331, Unalaska Harbor. 




Fig. 119.— Ptilichthys goodei Bean. 

Family 46. ZOARCIDiF. 

238. Lyciscus crotalinus (Gilbert . 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) as Lycodopsis crotalinus from station 3210, south of Sannak Island. 

239. Lycodopsis pacificus (Collett). 

This species, not heretofore recorded north of Puget Sound, was taken at station 4272, in Afognak 
Bay, and also at stations 4214, 4219, 4223, and 4233, and at Seattle. Twenty-three specimens, ranging 
from 3 to 8.75 inches in length, were collected. In some there is a very evident black blotch on the 
upper part of the 3 or 4 anterior dorsal rays. 

240. Lycodes concolor Gill & Townsend. 

Described from Bering Sea, latitude 55° 19' north, longitude 168° ll 7 west, at Albatross station 
3608, in 276 fathoms. 

241. Lycodes digitatus Gill & Townsend. 

Described from Bering Sea, latitude 56° 14' north, longitude 164° 8 / west, at Albatross station 3541, 
in 49 fathoms. 

242. Lycodes palearis Gilbert. 



The collection contains 7 specimens, 2.25 to 15.5 inches long, taken at stations 4223, 4246. 4272, and 



4273. 



The species was originally described from stations 3253 and 3254, Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895). 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 343 

243. Lycodes jordani Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. 

Head 7 in total length; depth 14; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 2.9; interorbital 3 in 
length of eye; length of pectoral 2.1 in head; ventral 1.5 in eye; dorsal 116; anal 93 (dorsal and anal 
counts taken from cotype) . 

Head and nape naked, rest of body fully scaled, except the axil of pectoral, which is naked; dorsal 
origin over anterior part of pectoral; anal origin under about the eighteenth dorsal ray; pectorals nearly 
rounded in outline, the fourth to seventh rays from the upper part being the longest, all the rays except a 
few upper free at their tips, the free margin about equal in length to pupil. 

Top of head flat, the interorbital space about equal to pupil, the bone being much narrower, about 
one-fourth the space; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; small villiform teeth on vomer, pala- 
tines, and jaws, those on jaws in a single row laterally, broadening into a patch anteriorly; a row of 4 
arge pores on mandible, the row continued in 3 similar pores on preopercle; 6 similar but smaller 




Fig. 120.— Lycodes jordani Evermann & Goldsborough, new species. Type. 

pores extending from anterior nasal opening just above maxillary and posteriorly under eye, the last 
pore above the next to last in lower row; anterior nasal opening with short tube; lower jaw included; 
upper jaw reaching very slightly beyond lower, for a distance less than half width of pupil; lateral line 
not evident. 

General color: Brownish olivaceous, the scales on body and fins white, giving the body the appear- 
ance of being white spotted, the pectoral, head, and edges of dorsal and anal a darker olive than that of 
body. 

Another specimen from station 4267, and which we take as a cotype, gives the following measure- 
ments: Head 6.8 in total length; depth 16.5; eye 4.66 in head; snout 3.9; interorbital 1.3 in eye, the 
bone about 4 in eye; maxillary 3 in head; mandible 3.4; ventral equaling eye; pectoral 2 in head; 
dorsal 116; anal 93. 

This species is near Lycodes palearis, differing in depth, in color, in the shorter upper jaw, and in 
other characters. 

Type, no. 57828, U. S. National Museum (field no. 2439), a specimen 13.25 inches long from Albatross 
station 3788, and cotype, no. 20014, Stanford University Museum, a specimen 8.4 inches long from 
station 4267. 

244. Lycodes brevipes Bean. 

This species was found to be very common in the deep waters from Puget Sound to Shelikof Strait. 
Sixty-three specimens, 2.5 to 10.75 inches long, are in the collection. These were taken at stations 2848, 
4201, 4218, 4246, 4248, 4250, 4252, 4254 to 4256, 4258, 4275, 4280, 4283, 4285, 4291 to 4293, 4295, and 4296. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) from Unga and Nagai islands, at Albatross station 2848; recorded 
also from stations 3216, 3225 to 3227, 3263, 3309 to 3311, 3313, and 3330, located north and south of the 
Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895), and from off Karluk (Jordan & Gilbert 1896). 



344 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
245. Lycodalepis turneri Bean. 



Recorded by Bean (1879) as Lycodes turneri from St. Michael and (1882) as Lycodes coctineus from Big 
Diomede Island, Bering Strait. Point Barrow (Murdoch 1885) as Lycodes turneri and Lycodes coccineus. 
Norton Sound (Nelson 1887) and Point Barrow (Scofield 1899), both as Lycodalepis turneri. 





Fig. 121.— Lycodalepis turneri Bean. 
246. Furcimanus diaptera (Gilbert). 

Thirty-nine specimens of this species, ranging in length from 2.45 to 12.5 inches long, were taken 
at stations 4198, 4236, 4238, 4251, 4255. 

The color in all the large specimens is uniform and the bars are lacking; in the medium-size ones 
the bars are very faint; some of the small ones are nearly plain, others distinctly barred. 

Recorded by Gilbert (1895) as Lycodes diapterus from north of Unalaska, at stations 3227, 3324, 
3326. 3329 to 3332. 




Fig. 122.— Furcimanus diapterus (Gilbert). 
247. Bothrocara pusilla (Bean). 

The collection contains 14 specimens, 4.75 to 6 inches long, dredged at stations 4251, 4252, 4255, 
4256. 

Originally described by Bean (1891) as Maynea pusilla from off Nagai Island, Albatross station 
2848. North of Unalaska at stations 3224, 3227, 3330, and 3331 (Gilbert 1895). 

248. Bothrocara mollis Bean. (PI. xxi, fig. 2.) 

Recorded from Albatross station 3634, off Bogoslof Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 




Fig. 123.— Gymnelis viridis (Fabricius). 
249. Gymnelis viridis (Fabricius). 

Three specimens, 3 to 4 inches long, collected by Mr. Rutter at Karluk, June 8-10, 1903. 

These specimens differ somewhat from current descriptions. The head is 8 not 6.5 in length, and 
color in alcohol is almost uniform cherry red; 2 of the specimens have a conspicuous white bar along 
the cheek, which is faint in the third specimen. 



Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XXI. 





0mm 



;i|gi 






iiilS 

















THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



345 



The species has been recorded (Bean 1882) from Coal Harbor. Shuniagins; St. Michael, and Una- 
laska. Point Barrow (Murdoch 1885). St. Michael (Turner 1886). Unalaska and at station 3256 in 
Bristol Bay (Gilbert 1895 s ). Karluk (Butter 1899). 

250. Gymnelis stigma (Lay £ Bennett). 

Originally described from Kotzebue Sound (1839); also recorded from Albatross station 3688. near 
St. Paul Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 




Fig. 124.— Melanostigma pammelas Gilbert. 

251. Melanostigma pammelas Gilbert. 

Described from the coast of southern Alaska, latitude 46° 10' north, longitude 121° 58' 45" west, 
at Albatross station 3202, in 382 fathoms. 

Family 47. LYC0DAP0DIDX 

252. Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert. 

This species is represented in the collection by 8 specimens, 2.5 to 6 inches long, dredged at stations 
4225. 4250, and 4257. Recorded from north of I nalaska at station 3324 (Gilbert 1895). 

253. Lycodapus parviceps Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3324, north of Unalaska Island. 



^■-> 




|P^i^ 



^Igp 3 *' 



Fig. 125-— Merluccius productus (Ayres). 
254. Lycodapus extensus Gilbert. 
Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from station 3324, north of Unalaska. 

Family 48. MERLUCCID^E. 

255. Merluccius productus (Ayres). 
We have one specimen, 4.5 inches long, collected by Mr. J. P. Todd near Seattle, 1903. 



346 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Family 49. GADIDJE. The Codfishes. 

256. Boreogadus saida (Xepechim. 

Recorded from Kigiktowik, Norton Sound (Nelson 1887); St. Michael (Turner 1886); St. Michael 
and Cape Lisburne I Bean 1882^: Point Barrow (Murdoch 1885); Port Clarence (Scofield 1S99). 




Fig. 126.— Boreogadus saida (Lepeehin). 

257. Theragra chalco gram m a (Pallas). Alaska Pollock. 

An abundant and widely distributed species. Examples were collected or seen as follows: 
One specimen (no. 02899), 12 inches long, from station 1250; one (no. 02892), 11 inches long, from 
station 4246 (dorsal 14-16-18; anal 21-19); eight, 5.75 to 7 inches long, seined in Cleveland Passage; 
one (no. 02918), 10.5 inches long, from Skagway; one (no. 03002). 9.5 inches long, from station 4292; 
one, 8 inches long, from station 4296; twenty. 2.5 to 3 inches long, from station 4212: a few seen at 
Karluk and 2 at Shakan; 4 (20, 24, 24, and 24.5 inches long, weight 1. 2. 2.5, and 2.5 pounds) taken on 
a hook at Sand Point; 12 (average length 22.5 inches, average weight 2.75 pounds) taken over the rail 




Fig. 127.— Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas). 

with hand line at Fox Harbor. Others were taken or seen at the Chilkoot cannery r , Cleveland Passage, 
Skagway (where many were taken on hook and line); Dundas Bay (several in salmon trap^ : Pavlof 
Harbor: Unalaska: Chignik Bay; Sitkoh Bay; Loring; Litnik Bay; and stations 2844, 2864, 3781 (off 
Kamchatka), 4246, 4250, and 4255; and a specimen 6.5 inches long collected by Mr. M. C. Marsh at 
St. Paul Island. Pribilof Group, August 7, 1906. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
The following table exhibits the variation in the dorsal and anal rays: 

Dorsal and Anal Fin Counts in Specimens of Theragra chalcogramma. 



347 



No. 


Locality. 


Length. 


Dorsal. 


Anal. 


2918 
3002 
2892 
2899 




Inches. 

10.00 

9.50 

11.25 

12.00 

8.00 

7.00 

5.50 

6.25 

6.00 

6.00 

5.75 

5.75 


12-15-18 
12-14-19 
14-16-18 
13-13-19 
13-16-18 
12-14-16 
12-13-16 
13-15-15 
13-13-18 
12-14-18 
11-15-16 
12-15-16 


18-17 
17-19 
21-19 
18-19 
18-20 
18-18 
18-17 
18-18 
17-18 
17-17 
18-17 
18-17 


Station 4292 


Station 4246 


Station 4250 


Station 4292 




..do 


do 


.do 


...do 


.do...' 


do 





The species has been previously recorded (Bean 1882) as Pollachius chalcogrammus from Chuga- 
chik Bay and Refuge Cove, Cook Inlet; Pirate Cove and Humboldt Harbor, Shumagins; Iliuliuk; 
Chernofski; Unalaska; and Wrangell. Under the same name by Gilbert (1895), from Captains Harbor, 
Unalaska, and at many stations in the shallow water of Bristol Bay and around the Aleutian Islands. 
Unalaska and St. Paul and St. George islands (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). Chignik Bay (Scofield 1899). 

258. Theragra fucensis (Jordan & Gilbert). 

This species has not heretofore been recorded from Alaskan waters, though Scofield and Seale took 
in Chignik Bay a specimen which seems as near T. fucensis as T. chalcogrammus. It is very probable 
that the 2 species intergrade, the northern specimens representing what is now known as T. chalco- 
grammus, and the southern T. fucensis. If this is so, the name T. chalcogrammus should be retained for 
both. Our collection contains but a single example, no. 08122, a specimen 10 inches long taken at 
Loring by the Albatross in 1905. 




Fig. 128.— Eleginus navaga (Kolreuter). 
259. Eleginus navaga (Kolreuter). 

This codfish is common and at places abundant along the entire Alaskan coast. It is represented 
in our collections by specimens from various localities extending from Puget Sound to the Alaskan 
peninsula and across to Kamchatka. Forty-eight specimens, from 1.5 to 13 inches long, are in the collec- 
tion from the following places: Admiralty Island; Port Alexander; Litnik Bay; Karluk; Uyak Bay; 
Unalaska; Petropaulovsk, and Tareinski Harbor in Kamchatka, and stations 4202, 4213, 4218 to 4220, 
4268, 4271, 4272, 4275, 4277, 4278. 

The usual descriptions of Eleginus navaga and Microgadus proximus refer to the same characters so 
seldom, except in features in which they happen to be alike, that from these characters it is impossible 
to compare the species, and the only way given to separate them is by dissection and a comparison of 
the transverse processes of the vertebrae. We find that the following comparisons are helpful, and that 
the species may be separated by their use: 

In proximus the first dorsal has 14 rays. 



348 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

In navaga the first dorsal has 13 rays. 

In proximus first anal base=second dorsal base, and is 1.5 in head. 

In navaga first anal base=second dorsal base, and is 1.15 in head. 

In proximus the barbel is longer than pupil. 

In navaga the barbel is equal to or less than pupil. 

E. navaga has been recorded (Bean, 1882, as Tilesia gracilis) from Port Chatham, Cook Inlet; St. 
Paul, Kodiak; St. Michael. Port Clarence, Golwin Bay (Townsend 1887V as Pleurogadus navaga. 
St. Michael (Nelson 1887). St. Michael and Unalaska (Turner 1886). Port Clarence (Scofield, 1899). 

260. Microgadus proximus (Girard). 

This species was not found to be abundant, but was taken at various places from Seattle to Unalaska. 
Sixty-four specimens 1.25 to 10.5 inches long were secured from station 2869; Seattle; Cordova Bay; 
Chasina Anchorage; Cleveland Passage; Hunter Bay; Litnik Bay; Karluk, and Unalaska. 

It was recorded from Yakutat Bay by Bean (1882). 




Fig. 129. — Microgadus proximus (Girard). 
261. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius. Alaska Cod. 

We have in our collection 25 specimens 3.75 to 18 inches long taken by the Albatross at various 
times from 1894 to 1900 at the following places: Stations 3462 and 3600; Killisnoo; Ikatan Bay; Morz- 
hovoi and Petropaulovsk. 

This species was one of the common fishes taken with hook and line, chiefly over the rail of the ship, 
and at many stations. At Litnik Bay 9 were taken in this manner, average weight 5| pounds, average 
length 25f inches; at Alitak Bay, 2, weighing 6 and 7 pounds and having a length of 23 and 26.5 inches, 
respectively; at Chignik Bay, 7, weighing from 7 to 14 pounds, total weight 66 pounds, length ranging 
from 26 to 33 inches, average length 28.64 inches; at Sand Point, Shumagin Islands, 7, weighing from 
5 to 10 pounds, total weight 66 pounds, length ranging from 26 to 34.5 inches, average length 30.35; at 
Fox Harbor, 12, average length 27.33 inches and average weight 8 pounds; at Uyak Bay, 12, weighing 
from 6 to 15 pounds, total weight 106 pounds, average 8| pounds, length ranging from 25 to 36 inches, 
average length 29.5 inches. Many were seen swimming about under the slaughterhouse, where several 
were gaffed. At Fox Bay several young were caught in a dipnet over the rail. These small ones often 
seek protection, and perhaps food also, under jelly fishes. 

We have no record of any large examples of this cod from the Pacific, where it perhaps does not 
reach a weight exceeding 15 or 20 pounds. It reaches a much larger size in the Atlantic. The 
Gloucester Times of February 1, 1907, records the capture by Mr. Thomas Jesso at Little Bras d'or (Cape 
Breton) of a codfish 6 feet 4 inches long, weighing 142 pounds, and states that this is one of the largest 
ever caught. He states, however, that he has seen whole boat loads ranging from 30 to 80 pounds. 
The average of those brought to Gloucester probably does not exceed 15 pounds. 

Recorded by Bean (1882) as Gadus morrhua from Sitka; Old Sitka; off Marmot Island; St. Paul, 
Kodiak; Popoff Strait; Belkofski; Iliuliuk; Chernofski; Unalaska; St. Paul Island; Kygani Straits. 
Turner (1886), Shumagin Islands; Cook Inlet; throughout the Aleutian Islands. Gilbert (1895), 
Bering Sea at stations 3224, 3226, 3285, 3291, and 3301. Jordan & Gilbert (1899), Karluk; Belkofski; 
Unga; Unalaska; St. Paul and St. George. Scofield (1899), Chignik Bay. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



349 



262. Antimora microlepis Bean. 

The collection contains a single example, no. 1315, 21 inches long, taken by the Albatross in Ber- 
ing Sea, 1895. The species was recorded from stations 3330 and 3331, Bering Sea. by Gilbert, 1895. 

263. Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). Ling. 

Said to be common in Lake Bennett, Tagish Arm, Lake Atlin, and probably in all suitable waters 
in the Yukon basin. 

Two specimens were secured in Lake Bennett in July, 1903, one 4.5 inches long taken along 
shore and the other 25 inches long in a gill net set at the bottom of the lake. 

Recorded by Murdoch (1885) from Meade and Kuahru rivers. Xelson (1887) Nulato; Fort 
Reliance; Andreafski, Yukon River; Kotlik. Turner (1886), Yukon River. Gilbert (1895), Nushagak. 




Fig. 130.— Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). 



Family 50. MACROURIDiE. 
264. Albatrossia pectoralis (Gilbert). 
Recorded from Albatross station 3634, off Bogoslof Island (Jordan <fc Gilbert 1899). 

265. Bogoslovius clarki (Jordan & Gilbert). (PI. xxn.) 
Originally described from Albatross station 3634, off Bogoslof Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 

266. Bogoslovius firmisquamis (Gill & Townsend). 
We have a single specimen 21.5 inches long from Albatross station 3274, Bering Sea, June 27. 1890. 

267. Chalinura serrula (Bean). 
Originally described by Bean (1891) from east of Prince of Wales Island, Albatross station 2859. 



350 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



268. Macrourus acrolepis (Bean). 

The collection contains 2 specimens, nos. 2601 and 2599, 5 and 8 inches long, dredged at station 
3784. north of Aleutian Islands, 1900. Recorded from Albatross station 3634, off Bogoslof Island (Jordan & 
Gilbert 1899). 




Fig. 131. — Macrourus acrolepis (Bean). 

269. Macrourus cinereus (Gilbert). 

We have 4 specimens, 7.5 to 17.5 inches long, dredged in 660 fathoms at station 3634, in Bering 
Sea, July 7, 1896, and one specimen, no. 2959, 17 inches long, dredged at station 4267, off Cape Edge- 
cumbe, 1903. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from north of Unalaska Island at stations 3307 and 3329; 
has been recorded from station 3634, off Bogoslof Island (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). 



fe%^ 




Fig. 132.— Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert). 

Family 51. PLEURONECTID^. The Flounders. 

270. Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert). 

Seven specimens, 6 to 28 inches long, are in the collection from Attu Island, and Bering Sea 
(August 10, 1895) and stations 37S9. 4223, 4283. Others were seen or collected at Boca de Quadra; Behm 
Canal; Loring; in trap at Dundas Bay; and at stations 4231 and 4272; and one, 28 inches long, in very bad 



Bull. U. S. B. F. 1906. 



Plate XXII. 




THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



351 



condition, was collected at station 3608, Bering Sea. This large specimen differs from current descrip- 
tions in having the teeth not conspicuously arrow-shaped (a few are faintly so), and in having the inter- 
orbital broad, 2 in eye, and not ridged. It gives the following measurements: Head 3.3 in length; 
depth 2.8; eye 5.1 in head; snout 3.6; maxillary 1.6; mandible 1.5; pectorals 2.5; caudal lunate, its 
length 1.65; dorsal 110; anal 86; gillrakers 3+11, roughish, strong, broad, and short, longest about 3 
in eye; scales smooth to the touch, not firmly attached; head, premaxillary and mandible scaled. 

This species has been recorded (Bean, 1882) from Port Etches, off Afognak; off Popoff Island, 
Shumagins, Bean (1884), Wrangell and Naha Bay. Gilbert (1895), from many stations north and south of 
the Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay. Jordan & Gilbert (1899), Unalaska. Scofield (1899), Unga 
and Karluk, and Chignik Bay. 



.^^^v^ 



M 





Fig. 133.— Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus). 
271. Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnseus). Halibut. 

Halibut were often seen and were often taken with hook and line in various places. No specimens 
were saved, but numerous examples were measured and weighed. The following table gives the results 
and the important data concerning the examples: 



Locality. 



Head of Karta Bay 
Cleveland Passage. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Dundas Bay 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Pavlof Bay 

Killisnoo 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Length. 



Inches. 
70.0 
58.0 
41.0 
32.0 

&28.0 
27.0 
30.5 
68.0 
33.0 
31.0 
29.0 
24.0 

^27.0 
25.0 
23.5 
20.0 
23.5 



Width. 



Inches. 



Weight. 



18.00 
12.50 
9.50 
9.00 
9.00 
9.75 
16.00 
9.00 
9.25 
9.00 
5.00 
9.00 
8.00 
7.50 
6.50 
7.7.5 



Pounds. 

a 155.0 

78.0 

30.0 

15.0 

10.0 

8.0 

11.0 

120.0 

14.0 

15.0 

10.0 

7.0 

9.0 

6.0 

5.5 

3.5 

5.5 



Locality 



Weight. 




Killisnoo 

Do 

Sitkoh Bay 

Do 
Fox Harbor 

Do 

Do 

Do 
Sitka 
Port McArthur 

Do 
Shakan 

Do 

Do 
Loring 

Do 



a In the stomach of the 155-poand example were found Cancer antennarius, fragments of clam shells, backbone of a fish and 
a large stone with partly digested barnacles on it. The brain with part of the skull of this example was saved; the brain 
was very small, no larger than 4 peas. 

b The stomach of another example (from Cleveland Passage) contained 2 pollocks ( Theragra chalcogramma) , 2 anemones, 
and a lot of gravel. Another (Pavlof Bay) had a Ceratocottus dicer aus in its stomach. One caught at Killisnoo (the 75-pound 
example^ had about 6 large crabs in its stomach, and another from the same place contained a Ceratocottus diceraus. 

c Stomach contained head of an Enophrys bison. 

d Six large crabs in stomach. 

e About 200. 



In addition to the examples caught a few were seen swimming about at Uyak. Mr. John N. Cobb 
reports having seen and helped weigh at Juneau in the summer of 1904 a 365-pound halibut. 



352 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The halibut has been recorded (Bean 1880) from Port Althorp; Chugachik, Cook Inlet; off 
Marmot Island, and St. Paul, Kodiak. Bean (1882), Unalaska: St. Michael and Sitka as Hippoglossus 
vulgaris. Gilbert (1895 s ), from all the Cod Banks and at stations 3218, 3230, 3238, and 3239. Turner 
(1886), St. Michael and Attu as Hippoglossus vulgaris. Jordan & Gilbert (1899), St. Paul, Unga, 
Unalaska. and Karluk. Scofield (1899), Chignik Bay. 

272. Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert). 

The collection contains 48 specimens 2.5 to 9.25 inches long, collected at stations 2870, 4191,4194, 
4197, 4223, 4226. and near Seattle. It was also seen or taken at stations 4219, 4223, 4233, 4243, 4250. All 
of these stations are off southeastern Alaska or British Columbia. The species was not seen north of 
"Wrangell. 

273. Eopsetta jordani (Lockington). 

The collection contains two examples, no. 2097, a specimen 19 inches long collected at hydrographic 
station 3373 off Alaska, 1893, N. 54° 51', W. 164°, 27'; and no. 2106, a specimen 16.5 inches long collected 
off Cape Flattery, no date. 

The species is recorded from Unalaska (Townsend 1887) as Hippoglossoides jordani. 

274. Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert. 

We have 91 specimens varying from 2 to 15 inches in length and dredged at the following stations: 
2870, 3460, 3600, 4214, 4215, 4218 to 4220, 4223, 4226, 4234, 4243, 4254, 4255, 4268 to 4272, 4274, 4275, 4278, 
4280, 4281 to 4283, 4285 to 4288, 4292, 4295, and 4296. These stations extend from off Port Townsend 
(4214) to Bering Sea. 




Fig. 134.— Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert. 

The species was also seen at stations 4224, 4233, 4242, 4248, 4249, 4250, and 4256. 

The following is a color note on a specimen dredged at station 4244 : Light rusty or grayish, with a few 
blackish blotches, 1 at base of caudal peduncle plainest; fins light, much blotched with black; anal 65. 

The young are much slenderer than large examples; one specimen 3.25 inches long had a depth of 
3.75 in length. This species has the nostril in a somewhat conspicuous tube. In a specimen from station 
4223 the scales are smooth, not rough on middle of eyed side. In this character there seem to be consid- 
erable differences, though not any constant enough to make different species. 

II elassodon has also been recorded (Bean 1882) from St. Paul, Kodiak; Humboldt Harbor, Shu- 
magins; Iliuliuk; Unalaska; and St. Michael. Gilbert (1895), from many stations north and south of 
the Aleutian Islands and in Bristol Bay. Jordan & Gilbert (1899), off Karluk. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 
275. Psettichthys melanosticms Girard. 



353 



The collection contains 7 specimens, 6.25 to 15 inches long, collected off Cape Flattery, at Seattle 
(1888), and near Marrowstone Point (1903). 
Recorded from Wrangell (Bean 1882). 




Fig. 135.— Psettichthys melanost ictus Girard. 
276. Parophrys vetulus Girard. 

Twenty-two specimens 1.75 to 8.5 inches long collected at the following places: Marrowstone Point; 
Klawak; Gabriola Island; Kilisut Harbor; Port Townsend; Yakutat; and Fort Rupert. Others were 
seen or collected at Seattle; Tribune Bay; Marrowstone Point; Quarantine Station; Kilisut Harbor; 
and stations 2869, 3460, 4214, 4219, 4221, 4269, and 4271. 

Some of the small specimens have ground color brown, irregularly blotched with black. There 
are, however, on the same specimen, round blotches of black somewhat smaller than eye at regular 
intervals around the body just below base of dorsal and above base of anal; in some specimens these 
dark blotches have smaller white blotches between them; a small white blotch at each end of interorbital 
region; a distinct white spot just below axil of pectoral, another at base of ventral, these quite constant 
in all our specimens; fins decidedly blotched. 




mm 

Fig. 136.— Inopsetta ischyra (Jordan & Gilbert). 
277. Inopsetta ischyra (Jordan & Gilbert). 
Recorded from Unalaska (Nelson 1887). 

278. Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington). 
We have 4 specimens, 10.5 to 12 inches long, collected at Seattle and stations 2869, 4276, and 4297. 

B. B. F. 1906—23 



354 



BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF FISHERIES. 



279. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). 

This flounder is widely distributed. It takes the hook readily and was frequently taken over the 
rail. It was also frequently seen in the salmon traps and many were seined. Seventy-eight specimens, 
ranging in length from 2.25 to 17 inches, were secured, being taken at Marrowstone Point; Cordova Bay; 
Dundas Bay; FunterBay; Hunters Bay; Ketchikan; Tongass Harbor; Sitka; New Morzhovoi; Akutan 
Bay: Agattu Island; Attu Island; Yakutat; Isanotski (Issannakh) Strait; Karluk; Unalaska; and stations 
3598 (Bering Sea), 4193, 4212, 4219, 4262, 4268, 4269, 4272, 4273, 4277, and 4278. 




% 
A 



-mammy 



Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). 



It has also been recorded (Bean 1882) from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay; Chugachik Bay 
and Port Chatham, Cook Inlet; St. Paul, Kodiak; Humboldt Harbor and Popoff Straits, Shumagins; 
Iliuliuk and Nateekin Bay, Unalaska; Nazan Bay, Atka; Chichagof Harbor, Attu; St. Paul Island. 
Gilbert (1895) took it abundantly at Unalaska and Chernofski harbors, at Herendeen Bay and Hage- 
meister Island, and at 58 different stations in Bristol Bay. St. Paul Island, and station 3637, off St. George, 
and Unalaska (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). Chignik Bay (Scofield 1899). 




-Limanda aspera (Pallas). 

280. Limanda aspera (Pallas). 

Taken at Pyramid Harbor; Cordova Bay; Karta Bay; Yakutat Bay; Shumagin Islands; and stations 
3781 (off Kamchatka) and 4269. Five specimens preserved, ranging in length from 1.75 to 15 inches. 
The specimen from off Kamchatka is 15 inches long and agrees fairly well with current descriptions of 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



355 



the species, but differs in having the opercle and preopercle scaled and not naked below; the gillrakers 
are stout and short, about the length of pupil; caudal is truncate. 

Recorded (^Bean 1882), from Sitka; St. Paul, Kodiak Island; Humboldt Harbor, Shumagins. Bean 
(1884), Wrangell and Tongass. Gilbert (1895) took it in abundance at Herendeen Bay and at 24 
different stations in Bristol Bav. Townsend (1887), Kotzebue Sound. 





%. 



Fig. 139.— Limanda proboscidea Gilbert. 

281. Limanda proboscidea Gilbert. 

Originally described by Gilbert (1895) from stations 3239, 3240, and 3248 in Bristol Bay, and from 
Herendeen Bav. 



aM 



>±, 



M 



A 




&v 





Fig. 140.— Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas. 

282. Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas. 

Eight specimens, 3.5 to 15 inches long, taken at Sand Point, Snug Harbor, Xew Morzhovoi, and 
station 4287. Recorded by Gilbert (1895) as abundant at Chernofski Harbor and Herendeen Bay, and 
at stations 3240, 3244, 3251, and 3252, Bristol Bay. Chignik Bay and Port Clarence (Scofield 1899.) 



356 



BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
283. Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas). 



We have 4 specimens, 6.75 to 9 inches long, collected by the Albatross on the Asiatic coast at 
Pertopaulski and Tareinski harbors (1900). 

The species has been recorded from Hotham Inlet and Chamisso Island, Kotzebue Sound (Bean 
1882). Unalaska and Attn islands and St. Michael (Turner 1886). St. Michael (Nelson 1887). 
Port Clarence (Scofield 1899). Mouth of Naknek and Nushagak rivers, and at station 3232 in Bristol 
Bay (Gilbert 1895). 




Fig. 141.— Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas). 

284. Platich.th.ys stellatus (Pallas). 

This is apparently the most abundant and widely distributed flounder in Alaska, many large examples 
being frequently taken in salmon traps. We have 41 examples, ranging in length from 0.5 to 11.25 inches, 



iM. 




Fig. 142.— Platichthys steliatus (Pallas). 

taken at various places along the coast from Cape Flattery northward to the Alaskan peninsula and across 
to Kamchatka. The following localities are represented: Cape Flattery; Gabriola Island; Kilisut Harbor; 
Tribune Bay; Marrowstone Point; Mink Arm; Loring; Yes Bay; Helm Bay; Yakutat; Karluk; Nushagak; 
Unalaska; Petropaulski; and Tareinski Harbor. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 



357 



The two smallest specimens, those from Marrowstone Point, agree with the others in fin count, but 
differ somewhat in color, which is brown and mottled and necked with white; a row of the white spots at 
bases of dorsal and anal more distinct than others. In the small specimens stellate prickles are present 
only along bases of dorsal and anal, with numerous pits, representing scales everywhere on body; in the 
medium size the scales are just beginning to appear along sides of body; in the large ones they are well 
developed all over the body. 




Fig. 143.— Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). 

This species has been recorded (Bean 1882), as Pleuronectes stellatus, from Sitka; Port Mulgrave, 
YakutatBay; Chugachik Bay, Cook Inlet; St. Paul, Kodiak; Iliuliuk, Unalaska; St. Michael; Ander- 
son River and Hotham Inlet, Kotzebue Sound. St. Michael and Unalaska (Nelson 1887). Mouth of 
the Nushagak River and stations 3229, 3235, 3239, 3240, and 3269, Bristol Bay (Gilbert, 1895). St. Paul; 
Unalaska, and Karluk (Jordan & Gilbert 1899). Port Clarence (Scofield 1899). 



285. Microstomus pacificus (Lockington). 

Eleven specimens ranging in length from 7.75 to 21 inches were secured at Isanotski (Issannakh) 
Strait, and stations 3447, 4230, 4233, 4234, 4264, 4293, 4296, and 4299. Most of these specimens are large 
(16 to 20 inches), and the number of dorsal and anal rays is more (dorsal 107, anal 91) than is usually 
given. The eye is slightly smaller, about 4 in head. The teeth in the lower jaw run from 16 to 20 and 
not 10. 

The species is also recorded from stations 3216 and 3333, Alaskan peninsula (Gilbert 1895). 

286. Glyptocephalus zachirus (Lockington). 

Thirty-six specimens, from 3 to 18 inches in length. This deep-water flounder was found to be quite 
common all along the Alaskan coast, being taken at many stations between 4201, off Fort Rupert, Van- 
couver Island, and 4287 in Uyak Bay. Many specimens were taken or observed at the following dredging 
stations: 4201, 4219, 4221, 4223, 4224, 4226, 4227, 4230, 4231, 4233, 4234, 4236, to 4238, 4243, 4246, 4248 to 
4251, 4254, 4259, 4268 to 4270, 4272, 4283, 4287, 4296, and 4299. Recorded from Bering Sea and north 
Pacific generally (Gilbert 1895). 



358 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

287. Citharichthys sordidus (Girard). 

We have a single specimen, no. 1680. 10.25 inches long, collected at Kyska Island. June, 1894. This 
extends the northern and western range of this species. It has not been recorded heretofore north of 
British Columbia. 





Fig. 144.— Citharichthys sordidus (Girard). 

288. Citharichthys stigmeeus Jordan ^Gilbert. 

The collection contains 1 specimen 4 inches long collected by J. P. Todd, near Seattle, in 1903, 
and 2 specimens, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long dredged at station 4219. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

In the following bibliography are given, in alphabetical order, the titles of all 
papers dealing with the fish fauna of Alaska which we have been able to consult : 

Bean, Tarletox H. 

1879. On the occurrence of Stichxus punctatus (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St. Michaels, Alaska. Pro- 
ceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. i, 1878 (1879), p. 279. 

1880. On the occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris Fleni., at Unalashka and St. Michaels, Alaska. 
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. n, 1879 (1880), p. 63-66. 

1880. Description of a new fish from Alaska (Anarrhichas lepturus), with notes upon other species 

of the genus Anarrhichas. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. n, 1879 (1880), p. 212-218. 
1880. Descriptions of some genera and species of Alaskan fishes. Proceedings U. S. National 

Museum, vol. n, 1879 (1880), p. 353-359. 
1882. Descriptions of new fishes from Alaska and Siberia. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, 

vol. iv, 1881 (1882), p. 144-159. 
1882. A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of Alaskan and adjacent waters. Proceedings U. S. 

National Museum, vol. iv, 1881 (1882), p. 237-272. 

1882. Notes on a collection of fishes made by Capt. Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., in British Columbia 
and Southern Alaska, with descriptions of new species and a new genus (Delolepis). Pro- 
ceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. iv, 1881 (1882), p. 463-474. 

1883. Description of a new species of Alepidosaurus (A. xsculapius) from Alaska. Proceedings 
U. S. National Museum, vol. v, 1882 (1883), p. 661-663. 

1883. List of fishes known to occur in the Arctic Ocean north of Bering Strait. From Cruise of 
the Revenue Steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881 (1883), p. 118-120, 
2 pi. 

1884. Notes on a collection of fishes made in 1882 and 1883 by Capt. Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., 
in Alaska and British Columbia, with a description of a new genus and species, Prionistius 
macellus. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. vi, 1883 (1884), p. 353-61. 



THE FISHES OF ALASKA. 359 

Bean, Tarleton H. — Continued. 

1885. Description of a new species of whitefish (Coregonus nelsonii) from Alaska. Proceedings 
U. S. National Museum, vol. vn. 1884 (1885), p. 48. 

1886. Description of a new species of Aspidophoroides (A. giintheri!) from Alaska. Proceedings 
U. S. National Museum, vol. vm, 1885 (1886), p. 74-75. 

1887. The fishery resources and fishing grounds of Alaska. From The Fisheries and Fishery- 
Industries of the United States, section in, p. 81-116, 1887. 

1889. Description of Coregonus jmsillus, a new species of whitefish from Alaska. Proceedings 
U. S. National Museum, vol. xi, 1888 (1889), p. 526. 

1890. The Alaska salmon and their allies. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890, 
p. 49-66, pi. i-vii. 

1891. New fishes collected off the coast of Alaska and the adjacent region southward. Pro- 
ceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. xm, 1890 (1891), p. 37-45. 

1895. Description of a new species of rockfish, Sebastichihys brevispinis, from Alaska. Proceedings 
U. S. National Museum, vol. xvn, 1894 (1895), p. 627-628. 

Bean, Tarleton H., and Bean, Barton A. 

1896. Fishes collected at Bering and Copper islands by Nikolai A. Grebnitski and Leonhard 
Stejneger. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. xix, 1897 (1896), p. 237-251. 

1898. Note on Oxycottus acuticeps (Gilbert) from Sitka and Kadiak, Alaska. Proceedings U. S. 
National Museum, vol. xxi, 1899 (1898), p. 655-656. 

Beardslee, L. A. 

1883. The salmon and trout of Alaska, from Fishing with the fly, by Charles F. Orvis and A. 
Nelson Cheney, 1883, p. 17-46. 
Cope, E. D. 

1873. A contribution to the ichthyology of Alaska. Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 
1873, p. 24-32. 
Dall, William H. 

1870. Alaska and its resources, p. i-xn+1-628, map and illustrations. Boston, 1870. 
Elliott, Henry W, 

1882. Catalogue of the fishes of the Pribylov Group. From A Monograph of the seal-islands of 
Alaska, by Henry W. Elliott, 1882, p. 136-137. 
Garman, S. 

1892. The Discoboli. Memoirs Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. xiv, no. 2, 1892, p. 1-96, 
pi. i-xm. 

Gilbert, Charles Henry. 

1889. Description of a new species of Bathymaster (B. jordani) from Puget Sound and Alaska. 

Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. xi, 1888 (1889), p. 554. 
1895. The ichthyological collections of the Steamer Albatross during the years 1890 and 1891. 
Report U. S. Fish Commission 1893 (1895), p. 393-476, pi. 20-35. 
Gill, Theodore. 

1882. Bibliography of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United States to the end of 1879. Bul- 
letin U. S. National Museum No. 11, 1882, p. 1-73. 

Hallock, Charles. 

1877. The Sportsman's Gazetteer and General Guide, p. 1-688, New York, 1877. 
Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. 

1896-1900. Fishes of North and Middle America, being Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 47, 

pt. i-iv, 1896-1900, p. 1-3313, pi. i-cccxcii. 
1904. Preliminary Report of the Alaska Salmon Commission. Document No. 477, House of Repre- 
sentatives, 58th Congress, 2d session. 
Jordan, David Starr, and Gilbert, Charles Henry. 

1899. The fishes of Bering Sea. From Report on the Fur-Seal Investigations, 1896-97, part 3 
(1899), p. 433^L92, pi. xlii-lxxxv. 

1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America, being Bulletin No. 16 of the U. S. National Museum, 
1882 (1883). 



360 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

LOC KINGTON". W. N. 

1881. Description of a new fish from Alaska (Uranid-ca microstoma). Proceedings U. S. National 
Museum, vol. m. If- 1881), p. I --'. 
Moser. Jefferson F. 

1902. Alaska salmon investigations in 1900 and 1901. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xxt , 

1901 1902 . p. 173- 
1S99. The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the operations of the United States 
Fish Commission Steamer Albatross for the year ending June 30. 1S9S. Bulletin U. S. Fish 
Commission, vol. xvm. 1898 1899 . p. 1-178. 
Murdoch. John. 

1884. Fish and fishing at Point Barrow. Arctic Alaska. Transactions American Fish-Cultural 
Abe i-iation. 1SS4. p. 111-115. 

1885. Natural History. Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow. Alaska. 
Fishes, p. 129-132.' 

Nelson. Edward W. 

1887. Field notes on Alaskan fishes, by Edward W. Nelson, with additional notes by Tarleton H. 
Bean. From Report upon Natural History Collections made in Alaska between the years 1877 
and 1SS1 by Edward TV. Nelson, edited by Henry TV. Henshaw 1887 , p. 29-5-322. pi. xm-xxi. 
Osgood. VTllfred H. 

1901. Natural history of the Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia. From North American 
Fauna, no. 21. Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture. 1901, p. 20. 

R UTTER. ClOUDSLET. 

1S99. Notes on a collection of tide-pool fishes from Kadiak Island in Alaska. Bulletin U. S. Fish 
Commission, vol. xvm. 1898 (1899), p. 189-192, 1 text-figure. 
- c riELD. Norman Bishop. 

1899. List of fishes obtained in the waters of Arctic Alaska. From Report on Fur-Seal Investiga- 
tions 1896-97. part 3 1899 .p. 493-509. 
Smith. Hugh Iff. 

1904. A new cottoid fish from Bering Sea. Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, vol. 
xvn. Dec. 27. 1904. p. 163-164. 
Townsend. Charles H. 

1887. Notes on the natural history and ethnology of northern Alaska. From Report of the Cruise 
of the Revenue Marine Steamer Corwin in the Arctic Ocean in the year 1885 (1887). by Captain 
M. A. Healy. U. S. R. M.. Commander, p. 95-96, two plates 
True. F. W. 

1889. Statement regarding the natural history specimens collected by the Corwin. From Report 
of the Cruise of the Revenue Marine Steamer Corwin in the Arctic Ocean in the year 1884 (1889), 
by Captain M. A. Healy. U. S. R. M.. Commander, p. 127. 
Turner. L. M. 

. Researches in Alaska, pt. it. Fishes. From Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. 
Results of investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian Island- 
ducted under the auspices of the Signal Service. United States Army, extending from May. 
1874. to August. 1881 1886 _ -"-113. plates 1-15. 



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INDEX 



Names of new species are printed in bold-face type, synonyms in italics. 



Page. 

abyssicola, Raja 230 

acanthias, Squalus 228 

Acanthocottus profundorum 315 

sellaris 317 

Acipenser medirostris 231 

Acipenseridse 231 

acipenserinus, Podothecus 328 

acrolepis, Macrourus 350 

acuticeps, Blennicottus 321, 324 

Oligocottus 332 

Oxycottus 322 

sesculapius, Plagyodus 271 

agassizii, Liparis 333 

aggregatus, Cymatogaster 276 

Agonidse 327 

aix, Pallasina 328 

alascanus, Argyrosomus 235 

Sebastolobus 279 

Xenochirus 330 

Alaska cod 348 

cutthroat trout 258 

fishes 219 

grayling 266 

greenling 293 

pollock 346 

rainbow trout 261 

Albatrossia pectoralis 349 

albatrossis, Osmerus 269 

aleutensis, Lyconectes 341 

aleutianus, Sebastodes '. 284 

aleutica, Raja : 230 

aleuticus, Cottus 308 

Thecopterus 316 

Alosa sapidissima. ; 234 

alutus, Sebastodes 283 

altivelis, Sebastolobus 280 

americanus, A mmodytes 275 

Hemitripterus 325 

Ammodytes americanus 275 

personatus 275 

Ammodytidse 275 

Anarhichadidse 342 

Anarhichas lepturus 342 

Angel sharks 228 

anguillaris, Lumpenus 340 

Anoplarchus atropurpureus 338 

Anoplopoma fimbria 290 

Anoplopomatidse 290 

antennarius, Cancer 351 

Antimora microlepis 349 

Apodichthy s flavidus 336 

Arctic smelt 269 



Page. 

Arctoscopus japonicus 335 

Argentinidas 267 

Argyrosomus alascanus 235 

laurettse 235 

lucidus 235 

pusillus 235 

argyrosomus, Damalichthys 279 

armatus, Leptocottus 320 

Artedius notospilotus 298 

Artediellus pacificus 299 

asper, Cottus • 306 

Hexagramus 294 

aspera, Limanda 354 

Aspidophoroides bartoni 330 

guntheri 330 

inermis 330 

asprellus, Radulinus 301 

Astrolytes fenestralis 298 

Atheresthes stomias „ 350 

Atka mackerel 290 

Atka-fish 290 

Atlantic shad 234 

atropurpureus, Anoplarchus. 338 

Aulorhynchidse 275 

Aulorhynchus flavidus - 275 

aurea, Lampetra 227 

aurora, Catostomus 231 

Sebastichthys 287 

Averruncus emmelane 329 

Avocettina gilli 232 

axillaris, Cottus 313 

Myoxocephalus 313 

barbata, Pallasina 328 

Siphagonus 328 

barbulifer, Rhinoliparis 334 

bartoni, Aspidophoroides 330 

Bathyagonus nigripinnis 329 

bathybius, Histiobranchus 231 

Bathyiagus borealis 270 

Bathymaster jordani 334 

signatus ." 334 

Bathymasteridse 334 

Batrachoididse 335 

beani, Triglops 301 

beldingi, Cottus 309 

Berycidse 275 

bicornis, Icelus 300 

Big California skate 229 

bilineata, Lepidopsetta 354 

bilobus, Blepsias 324 

Histiocottus 324 

binoculata, Raja 229 

I 



IV 



INDEX. 



Page. 

-ammos ordinate 293 

BtaDac 294 

supereiliosus 295 

■ 294 

Hipp - 352 

; 352 

Hippoglossus hipi . . ■•." I 



hippoglossus. Hip | 351 

Histl : 231 

324 

holonielas, Paralipari? 334 

hudsonius Catostomus 231 

312 

salmon 236 

Hydrolagus colliei 230 

:lidus '."- 

pretiosus 

Hypsagonus quadricomis 327 

Icelir. . . • 

burchami 297 

strabo 29S 

Icelus I : : : r_i_i 300 

canaliculatus 301 

euryops 300 

ger 300 

spiniger 300 

vicinalis 300 

Inconnu 

inermis, Aspidophoroides 330 

Inopsetta ischyra 353 

introniger, Sebastodes 

- ! taao 260 

Irish lord 303 

- 1 . Inopsetta 353 

isolepis. Isopsetta 353 

tl . ! " : lepis 353 

jaok, Myoxocephalus 311 

japonieus, Arctoscopus 335 

jordani, Bathymaster 334 

Eopsetta 352 

Hemilepidotos 303 

Hippoglossoidfs 352 

Ronquilus 334 

jordani. Lycodes 343 

kennicotti, Coregonus 234 

- ^vhitefish 234 

keta. Oncorhynehus 242 

King salmon 244 

kisutch. Oncorhynchus 249 

lagocephalus. Hexagrammos 295 

Lake trout 2© 

Lampanyctus gemmifer 270 

Lampetra aurea 227 

Lamprey eel 227 

Lampreys 227 

..s, Tseniotoca 

laticeps. Megalocottus 315 

latifrons, Xenochiru? 330 

- .gidinotus - 

latipinnis, Zaniolepis 296 

Launces. sand 

laurettse, Argyrosomus 235 

Least -whitefish 235 

Lekai 243 

Lepidopsetta bihneata 3-54 

h mmbihu 340 

Leptoclinus macula tus 339 



Page. 

Lep toco ttus arma tus 320 

, leptorhynchus, Sarritor 329 

lepturus. Anarhich:; s 342 

Lethrotremus mutic-us 

leueopsarum. Xannohrachium 

Leuroglossus stilbius 

Limanda aspera 

proboscidea 

Ling 

Liopsetta glacialis - \ 

-. iidae 

Lipar- a 333 

adliodcu 332 

cycle! us 

eyelostigma 

fueensis 

pibbu? 

herschelinus 

pulchellus 333 

longirostris. Lumpenus I 

longirostru m, Catostomiis 

Long-nosed sucker 

Lord, Irish 

Lota maculosa 34 

juca si. Ceratocottus US 

| lucidus. Argyrosomus . " 

' lucius. Esos 

fmgmbtig, Mdampkaes 

Pleetromus 

Lump suckers 330 

Lumpenus anguillaris - 

i abrieii 

longirostris 

mackayi 340 

medius 

Lyeiseus crotalinus 142 

Lyc-odalepis turneri 144 

Lycodapodidae 13 

Lycodapus extensus 

fierasf er 345 

parvieeps 

Lycodes breripes 

coecineu* 44 

concolor 

diaplcru? 

digitatus 42 

jordani 

paJearis 12,34 

tmrmai 

Lycod,opH$ crota.iniis 

pacificus "342 

Lyconectes ; i 

Lyopsetta exilis 

Macdonaldia challengeri 

rnacellus, Prionistius _ 302 

mackayi, Lumpenus 340 

mackenzii, Stenodus 

Mackerel, Atfcs 29 

macouni, Chauliodus 

macrocephalus, Gadus 

Macrouridae 

Macrourus acrolepis 

einereus 

macula tus, Leptoclinus 339 

maculosa . Lota 349 

maculosus, Oligocottus 

maeandricus, Caulaxcbu b. 336 

Malacocottus zonurus . . 



INDEX. 



maliger, Sebastichthys „„ 289 

Sebastodes 288 

Mallotus villosus „ 267 

malma, Salvelinus ..„.„.„ 264 

marmorata, Ulca 325 

marmoratus, Hemitripterus 325 

maxillaris, Mursenoides 337 

Maynea pusilla 344 

medirostris, Acipenser 231 

medius, Lumpenus 339 

Megalocottus laticeps 315 

platycephalus 314 

Melamphaes lugubris 275 

melanops, Sebastodes 275, 280 

melanostictus, Psettichthys 353 

Melanostigma pammelas 345 

Melletes papilio 303 

merckii, Coregonus 235 

Merluccidse » 345 

Merluccius productus 345 

microcephalics, Gasterosteus 273 

Somniosus 228 

microdon, Cyclothone 271 

Microgadus proximus 347, 348 

microlepis, Antimora 349 

microstoma, Uranidia 308 

Microstomidse 270 

Microstomus pacificus 357 

miny tremus, Gyrinichthys 334 

mirabilis, Crystallichthys 333 

mollis, Bothrocara 344 

monopterygius, Pleurogrammus 290 

morrhua, Gadus 348 

mucosum, Xiphidion 339 

mucosus, Xiphistes 339 

mursenoides dolichogaster 337 

maxillaris 337 

ornatus 338 

ruberrimus 337 

muticus, Lethrotremus 331 

Myctophidae 270 

Myoxocephalus axillaris 313 

jaok 311 

niger 313 

polyacanthocephalus 310, 319 

stelleri 313 

verrucosus 312 

mystinus, Sebastodes 282 

namaycush, Cristivomer 263 

Narmobrachium leucopsarum 270 

nannochir 270 

nannochir, Nannobrachium 270 

nanomyzon, Catostomus 231 

" Nautichthys oculofasciatus 325 

Nautiscus pribilovius 325 

navaga, Eleginus 347 

Pleurogadus 348 

nebulosus, Sebastodes 289 

Needlefish 275 

nelsoni, Coregonus 235 

Nelson's whitefish 235 

Nemichthyidae 232 

Neoliparis callyodon 332 

rutteri 331 

nerka, Oncorhynchus 252 

niger, Cottus 313 

Myoxocephalus 313 

nigripinnis, Bathyagonus 329 



Page. 

nigrocinctus, Sebastodes 289 

Northern sucker 231 

Notacanthidse 271 

Notogrammus rothrocki 341 

notospilotus, A rtedius 298 

nubilus, Leptoblennius 340 

Occa dodecaedron 328 

ocellatus, Opisthocentrus 339 

octogrammus, Hexagrammos 223 

oculofasciatus, Nautichthys 325 

Odontopyxis frenatus 329 

trispinosus 330 

olidus, Hypomesus 270 

Oligocottus acuticeps 1 322 

globiceps 322 

maculosus 320 

Oncocottus hexacornis 317 

quadricornis 317 

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 236 

keta 242 

kisutch 249 

nerka 252 

tschawytscha 244 

Ophiodon elongatus 295 

Opisthocentrus ocellatus 339 

Orange-red rockfish 287 

Orange rockfish 284 

orbis, Eumicrotremus 330 

ordinatus, Hexagrammos 293 

ornatus, Mursenoides 338 

Pholis 338 

Osmerus al.;atrossis 269 

dentex 269 

thaleichthys 268 

ostentum, Careproctus 333 

Oxycottus acuticeps 322 

Oxylebius pictus 296 

pacificus, Artediellus 299 

Lycodopsis *. 342 

Microstomus 357 

Thaleichthys 268 

palearis, Lycodes 342, 343 

pallasii, Clupea 232,233 

Pallasina aix 328 

barbata 328 

pammelas, Melanostigma 345 

papilio, Melletes 303 

paradoxus, Psychrolutes 326 

Paraliparis cephalus 334 

holomelas 334 

ulochir 334 

parmifera, Raja 230 

Parophrys vetulus , 353 

parviceps, Lycodapus 345 

paucispinis, Sebastodes 280 

pectoralis, Albatrossia 349 

Dallia 271 

pentacanthus, Xenochirus 330 

Perca variabilis 281 

Perch, blue 278 

viviparous 276 

white viviparous 279 

personatus, Ammodytes 275 

Petromyzonidse 227 

phasma, Careproctus 333 

Pholis dolichogaster 337, 338 

f asciatus 337 

gilli 337 



VI 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Pholis ornatus 33S 

pictus. Oxylebius 296 

pingelli, Triglops 302 

Pink salmon 236 

pinniger. Sebastodes 2S4 

Pipefishes 275 

pistilliger. Gynmocanthus 319 

Plagyodontida? 271 

Plagyodua sesculapius 271 

borealis 271 

Platiehthys stellatus 356 

platycephalus. Megalocottus 314 

Plectronius cristiceps 276 

lugubris 275 

Pkurogadus navaga 348 

Pleurogrammus rnonopterygius 290 

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus 355 

stellatus 357 

Pleuronectida? 350 

Podotheeus acipenserinus 328 

trispinosus 330 

Polistotrema deani 225 

stouti 225,226 

PoUachius chalcogrammus 347 

Pollock, Alaska 346 

polyacanthocephalus. Myoxocephalus 310, 319 

polyactocephalus. Bryostemma 336 

Ch iroloph us 336 

Porgee 279 

Porichthys notatus 335 

Poroclinus rothrocki 339 

Porocottus bradf ordi 317 

quadrifilis 317 

sellaris 317 

pretiosus, Hypomesus 269 

pribilovius, Xautiscus 325 

Prickly bullhead 306 

Prionistius macellus 302 

proboscidea, Limanda 355 

profundorum, Acanthocottus 315 

Zesticelus 315 

Prognurus cypselurus 333 

proximus, Microgadus 347, 34S 

Psetticbthys melanostictus 353 

Psychrolutes paradoxus 326 

zebra 326 

Ptilichthyidae 342 

Ptilichthys goodei 342 

pugetensis, Chitonotus 296 

pulchellus, Liparis 333 

punctatus, Stichgeus 341 

pungitius, Pygosteus 273 

brachypoda, Pygosteus 273 

purpuratus. Salmo 258 

pusilla, Bothrocara 344 

Maynea 344 

pusillus. Argyrosomus 235 

Pygosteus pungitius 273 

pungitius brachypoda 273 

quadricornis, Coitus 317 

ilypsagonus 327 

Oncocottus 317 

quadrifilis, Porocottus 317 

quadrilateralis, Coregonus 234 

quadrituberculatus, Pleuronectes 355 

Quillfishes 342 

Quinnat salmon 244 

Radulinus asprellus 301 



Page. 

Rainbow trout 261 

Raja abyssicola 230 

aleutica 230 

binoculata 229 

cooperi 229 

parmifera 230 

rh i7Ki 229 

stellulata 229 

trachura • 230 

Rajidae 229 

Rastrinus scutiger 300 

Ratfish 230 

Rays and skates 229 

Red rock cod 286 

rock trout 295 

rockfish . . . ^ 2S6 

salmon 252 

Redfish 252 

Rhamphocottida? 327 

Rhamphocottus richardsoni 327 

rh ina, Raja 229 

Rhinoliparis barbulrf er 334 

richardsoni, Rhamphocottus 327 

Rock trout 293 

Rockfish, black 282 

black-banded 289 

orange 2S4 

orange-red. 2S7 

red 286 

yellow-backed 288 

Ronquilus jordani 334 

rothrocki, Notogrammus 341 

Poroclinus 339 

rosaceus, Sebastodes 287 

Round whitefish 234 

ruber, Sebastichthys 286 

ruberrimus, Mursenoides 337 

Sebastodes 2S" 

rupestre, Xiphidion 339 

rupestris, Sebastichthys 2S7 

Sebastodes 2S7 

Xiphister 339 

rutteri, Neoliparis 331 

saida, Boreogadus 346 

Salmo clarkii 258 

gairdneri 260 

irideus 260 

purpuratus 258 

tudcs 264 

Salmon, blueback 252 

calico .- 242 

Chinook 244 

dog 242 

humpback 236 

king 244 

lekai 242 

pink 236 

quinnat 244 

red 252 

silver 249 

trout 264 

Salmonidae 234 

Salmons 234 

Salvelinus malum 2»;4 

Sand launces 

sapidissima , Alosa 234 

Sartitor frenatus 329 

leptorhynehus 329 



INDEX. 



VII 



Page, | 

saxicola, Sebastodes 284 

scepticus, Triglops 302 i 

Scorpaenida3 279 

Scorpion-fishes 279 

Sculpin, great 310 

red 304 

Sculpins 29G 

scutiger, Icelus 300 

Rastrinus 300 

Sea-poachers : 327 

Sea snail 331 

Sebastichthys aurora 287 

maliger '. 289 

proriger brevispinis 282 

ruber 28G 

rupestris 287 

Sebastodes aleutianus 284 

alutus 283 

brevispinis 282 

caurinus 287 

crameri 285 

ciliatus 281 

dalli 287 

diploproa 286 

introniger 286 

maliger 288 

melanops 275, 280 

mystinus 282 

nebulosus 289 

nigrocinctus 289 

paucispinis 280 

pinniger 284 

rosaceus 287 

ruberrimus 286 

rupestris 287 

saxicola 284 

swifti 285 

Sebastolobus alascanus 279 

altivelis 280 

sellaris, Acanthocottus 317 

Porocottus 317 

serrula, Chalinura 349 

setiger, Dasycottus 316 

Shad, Atlantic 234 

Shark, sleeper 228 

Sharks, angel 228 

Sigmistes caulias 321 

signatus, Bathymaster 334 

signifer, Thymallus 266 

sigolutes, Gilbertidia 326 

silenus, Zaprora 276 

Silver salmon 249 

simus, Careproctus 333 

Siphagonus barbata 32S 

Siphostoma griseolineatum 275 

Sitka black bass 280 

Skate, big California 229 

Skates and rays 229 

Sleeper shark 228 

Smelt, Arctic 269 

California 268 

surf 269 

Smelts 267 

Snail, sea 331 

Snipe eels 232 

Sockeye 252 

Somniosidse 228 

Somniosus microcephalus 228 



Page. 

sordidus, Citharichthys 358 

spectrum, Careproctus 333 

spilotus, Cottus 309 

spiniger, Icelus 300 

spinosus, Eumicrotremus 331 

Squalidae 228 

Squalus acanthias 228 

sucklii 228 

Squatina squatina 228 

squatina, Squatina 228 

Squatinidse 228 

Steelhead trout 260 

Stelgidinotus latif rons 298 

stellatus, Platichthys 356 

Pleuroncctes 357 

stelleri, Eumetopias 292 

Hexagrammos 294 

Myoxocephalus 313 

Trichodon 335 

stellulata, Raja 229 

Stenodus mackenzii 236 

Sternias xenostethus 302 

Stichaeus punctatus 341 

Sticklebacks 273 

stigmseus, Citharichthys 358 

stigma, Gymnelis 345 

stilbius, Leuroglossus 270 

stomias, Atheresthes 350 

stouti, Polistotrema 225, 226 

strabo, Icelinus 298 

Striped surf-fish 278 

Sturgeon, green 231 

Sturgeons 231 

Surf smelt 269 

Sucker, long-nosed 231 

northern 231 

Suckers 231 

lump 330 

sucklii, Squalus 228 

superciliosus, Hexagrammos 295 

Surf-fish, striped 278 

white 276 

Surf -fishes, viviparous 276 

swifti, Sebastodes 285 

Synaphobranchidse 231 

Synchirus gilli 325 

Syngnathidse 275 

txniopterus, Cottus 312, 315 

Tseniotoca lateralis 278 

Tahseh 266 

Tarandichthys filamentosus 297 

tenuis 297 

tenuis, Tarandichthys 297 

thaleichthys, Osmerus 268 

Thaleichthys pacificus 268 

Thecopterus aleuticus 316 

Theragra chalcogramma 346, 351 

f ucensis 347 

theta, Diaphus 271 

Thymallidse 266 

Thymallus signifer 266 

Tilesia gracilis 348 

Toadfishes 335 

trachura, Raja 230 

trachurus, Hemilepidotus 304 

Trichodon stelleri 335 

trichodon 335 

trichodon, Trichodon 335 



Till 



:>~d; 



Tnchodontidse 335 



Trigtops beani ._ 301 

pingetti 302 

scepricus 302 

• .-;•. ."•.": . •; I-'.-'. 

Podothecus 330 

Trout.. Alaska cutthroat 

-:-.-.-' :~ : 1 

Dolly Varden 264 

Great Lakes 

lake 263 

285 

rock :■:-: 

salmon. 264 

-' Irli --"'. 

Trout? 234 

~ ;•"--; 

tudts. Salir 264 

tumen. Lycodakpis 344 

Lycodtt \~ 

'.'.: i-i : -_:: t: 

L ;_: 7:.: :..-_■::.; '..-. 

''zzzzlizz zil:r:sT:ziJ :•!■? 

variabilis, Perca 281 

ventricosus, Cydopterichthys 331 

verrucosus. Myoxocephalus 312 

-.: ■_ .:; '.- zz:\'zzr-~ :': 

vkiualis, Icelus 300 

• M "_ :t".:s - 267 

\:r -.:; Ir.:ieT:5 \-LL 



?s. 

-'.-2:- ~~zzzz^^s : : ±± 

Viviparous perch 2T6 

vulgaris, Hippoglossus 352 

mcharr 264 

White surf-fish 276 

White viviparous perch 279 

"T-.Trl-^ ;.;4 

? 234 



. .; ~ s 235 

z: zzzi 234 






l-- 



. :.:: :- = 

- -zr.\ : r:L.:s. 



X:t 'zl 1- : ~ ;"_ :: = \u'_ 

riT-^srrr . . .- 

Z z' — . r -. . - - 

Xi'iilsTrS :'zlz~zs 

mucosa* 

Yr'-z— -:i-:->ri r: :-k±sz 

zachiras, Glyptucephalus 

ZzzzL-.rzls litizirris 

Zzzz :ra silrr^s 

Zaprorida? 

zebra, PspcTtrolutes :.: 

Ir;:::r-.;5 ::: J z-i:zzzzz. \'_\ 

Zoareida? 342 

z zzzzs lzz.z::::zzzi Ilf 



,- 



276 
276 



c 






q 



